Notes Preface 1. Tom Sicking and Shereen Khirallah, “The Shi‘a Awakening in Lebanon: A Search for Radical Change in a Traditional Way,” CEMAN Reports, no. 2 (1975), pp. 97–130. 2. Fouad Ajami, The Vanished Imam (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1986); Augustus Richard Norton, Amal and the Shi‘a—Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987). 3. For example, see Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh, In the Path of Hizbullah (New York: Syracuse University Press, 2004); Hala Jaber, Hezbollah-Born with a Vengeance (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); Martin Kramer, Hezbollah’s Vision of the West (Washington: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1989); Martin Kramer, The Moral Logic of Hizballa (Tel Aviv: The Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, 1987); Amal Saad-Ghorayeb, Hezbollah: Politics and Religion (London: Pluto Press, 2001); Judith Palmer Harik, Hizbollah—The Changing Face of Terrorism (London: I.B. Tauris, 2004); Augustus Richard Norton, Hezbollah: A Short History (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2007); Marius Deeb, “Shia Movements in Lebanon: Their Formation, Ideology, Social Basis, and Links with Iran and Syria,” Third World Quarterly, 10, no. 2 (1988), pp. 683–698. There are many other publications on Hizballah and the Lebanese Shi‘a from 1990–2010. 4. Roschanack Shaery-Eisenlohr, Shi‘ite Lebanon—Transnational Religion and the Making of National Identities (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008). 5. Muhammad Jaber al-Safa, The History of Jabal-‘Amil (Taarikh Jabal-‘Amil), (Beirut: Dar al-Nahar, 1981) (in Arabic); Tamara Chalabi, The Shi‘is of Jabal Amil and the New Lebanon: Community and Nation State 1918–1943 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006). 6. Moojan Momen, An Introduction to Shi‘i Islam (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1985), pp. 264–272; Graham Fuller and Rend Francke, The Arab Shi‘a—The Forgotten Muslims (New York: Palgrave, 1999), pp. 203–238; Rodger Shanahan, The Shi‘a of Lebanon-Clans, Parties and Clerics (London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2005), pp. 107–132; Vali Nasr, The Shia Revival (New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007); Itshak Nakash, Reaching for Power-The Shi‘a in the Modern Arab World (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006), pp. 99–128. Introduction 1. Augustus Richard Norton, Amal and the Shi‘a-Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987), p. 15. 2. Salim Nasr, “Roots of the Shi‘i Movement,” Merip Reports 15, no. 5 (1985), p.13. 3. Shimon Shapira, Imam Musa al-Sadr: The Creator of the Shi‘ite Movement in Lebanon, Sqirot, the Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies-the Shiloah Institute (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 1986), pp. 23–24. (Hebrew) 186 Notes 4. Shapira, Imam Musa Sadr, p. 27; Martin Kramer, “Syrias Alawis and Shi ‘ism,” in Martin Kramer, Shi‘ism, Resistance and Revolution (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1987), p. 247. 5. Al-Nahar al-‘Arabi wal-Dawli, April 8, 1978. 6. Ibid. 7. Norton, Amal and the Shi‘a, p. 196 n. 23. 8. Tom Sicking and Shereen Khirallah, “The Shi‘a Awakening in Lebanon: A Search for Radical Change in a Traditional Way,” CEMAN Reports, no. 2 (1975), p.110. 9. The information on the ministers in al-Hoss’s government, established on July 16, 1979, is from Itamar Rabinovich and Hana Zamir, “Lebanon,” in Haim Shaked and Daniel Dishon and Colin Legum (eds.), MECS 1978–1979, The Shiloh Center for Middle-East and African Studies, Tel Aviv University (New York and London: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1980), p. 644. 10. On Fadlallah see Martin Kramer, “Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah,” Orient, 26, no. 2 (1985), pp. 147–149; Martin Kramer, “The Oracle of Hizbullah: Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah (Part 1),” in Fundamentalist Leaders of the Middle East, <http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Oracle1.htm> 11. Itamar Rabinovich and Hana Zamir, A War and Crisis in Lebanon (Tel Aviv: ha- Kibutz ha-Meuhad, 1982), p. 137 (Hebrew), indicate a massive migration to Jabal- ‘Amil and the Biqa‘ from Shi‘ite quarters on August 18, 1976; on the fall of the quarter see Raphael Calis, “The Shi‘ite Pimpernel,” The Middle East (November 1978), p. 54; see also John Bulloch, Death of a Country, The Civil War in Lebanon (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977), p. 172. 12. Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah, Islam and the Logic of Force, 3rd ed. (Beirut: al- Mu’asasa al-Jam ‘iya lil-Dirasat wal-Nashr wal-Tawzi ‘, 1985). (Arabic) 13. Fuad Ajami, The Vanished Imam (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1986), p. 216. 14. The details on Shirazi are from the announcement published by Jama‘at al-‘Ulama, following his assassination, quoted in al-Safir, May 5, 1980. 15. Shimon Shapira, Hizballah between Iran and Lebanon (Tel Aviv: ha-Qibuts ha- Me’uhad, Qav Adom, 2000), pp. 51–51. (Hebrew) 16. On the Itihad al-Quwat al-Lubnaniyya, see al-Nahar, April 27, 1977. 17. Al-Safir, May 5, 1980. 18. Shapira, Imam Musa Sadr, pp. 18–19. 19. Richard Augustus Norton, “Political Violence and Shi‘a Factionalism in Lebanon,” Middle East Insight 3, no.2 (1983), p. 12. 20. Voice of Lebanon, for instance, announced on May 13, 1979, that Tibnin rejected Haddad’s ultimatum to join his militia and both sides were negotiating. See FBIS-DR, May 14, 1979, p. G2. 21. Such rumors were spread in September and November 1978, and in 1982 and 1988. The Shi‘ite Mufti ‘Abd al-Amir Qabalan was quoted as saying that the Syrian President al-Assad and the PLO leader ‘Arafat gave him some information that Sadr was alive and was expected to arrive in Damascus; see AFP in English, November 19, 1978, in FBIS-DR, November 20, 1978, p. G3; see also a report by the Saudi newspaper al-Jazeera, published in London, in which Sadr was released by the Libyan authorities under pressure from Presidents Boumedienne of Algeria and al-Assad of Syria, and that Sadr was in Paris on his way to Damascus. The report was quoted in QNA Doha, November 18, 1978, in FBIS-DR, November 21, 1978, p. G3; a Kuwaiti newspaper announced that Sadr had arrived in Iran, through Addis-Ababa; see al-Watan, September 13, 1978; Shapira, Imam Musa Sadr, p. 32, wrote that such rumors were spread during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982. 22. Norton, “Political Violence,” pp. 12–13. 23. Shapira, Imam Musa Sadr, p. 21. 24. Ajami, p. 213. Notes 187 25. Middle East News Agency (MENA), September 29, 1978, in NER, September 29, 1978. 26. On Shams al-Din’s meetings with the Lebanese heads of state, see Beirut Information Service, September 12, 1978, in SWB-ME, September 14, 1978, A/5/5916; on his meetings in Damascus, see BBC, September 20, 1978, in SWB-ME, September 20, 1978, A/5/5921. 27. On the special parliamentary session see MENA, September 17, 1978, in NER, September 19, 1978; on the special assembly to discuss parliamentary unity see MENA, September 22, 1978, in NER, September 22, 1978. 28. Beirut Information Service, October 16, 1979, in FBIS-DR, October 17, 1979, p. G1. 29. “Lebanon-After Iran: The Shi‘i Community,” Middle East Intelligence Survey, February 1–15, 1979, vol. 6, no. 21, p.168. (no author) 30. Amal’s political platform was published in al-Nahar, May 12, 1977; for the English version see Norton, Amal and the Shi‘a, pp. 144–166. 31. Shapira, Hizballah between Iran and Lebanon, p. 61. 32. Hassan S., “Imam al-Sadr and Amal: The Explosion that Created Amal,” part five of a series of articles on the Islamic movements in Lebanon, al-Shira‘, no. 98, January 30, 1984, pp. 18–19. (Arabic) 33. The details on al-Husseini are from a series of interviews on his memoirs: Ghassan Charbel, “Hussein al-Husseini Remembers (1),” al-Wasat, November 28, 1994 (Arabic); and from Who’s Who in Lebanon 1990–1991 (Beirut: Publitec Publications, 1992), p. 141. (No author). 34. Shapira, Imam Musa al-Sadr, p. 17. 35. Al-Wattan al-‘Arabi, November 30, 1979. 36. Ibid. 37. Ibid. Chapter 1 Nabih Berri’s Early Years 1. Nabil Haytam, Nabih Berri-I Live in This Book (Beirut: Mukhtarat, 2004), p. 11. (Arabic). The book is a collection of personal experiences as told by Nabih Berri in a series of meetings with Nabil Haytam during 2001 and 2002. 2. The Michael Berry (Berri) Terminal is named after the former airport commissioner. For more on the Lebanese Shi‘ites from Tibnin in the United States, see Linda S. Walbridge, Without Forgetting the Imam: Lebanese Shiism in an American Community (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1997), pp. 24–25. 3. Fouad Ajami, The Vanished Imam (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1986), p. 103. 4. Haytam, p. 15. 5. Ibid., p. 12. 6. IDF Archive (Giv‘atayim), 922/1975, file 612, a report written by the intelligence officer of the Northern Command, November 13, 1948, quoted in Omri Nir, “Continuity and Change in the Shi‘ite Community of Lebanon,” (Ph.D. disserta- tion, Tel Aviv University, December 2001), p. 174. (Hebrew) 7. The story, as told by Nabih Berri, in Haytam, pp. 22–27. 8. Berri was interviewed for al-Jazeera’s series “A Special Visit,” by Sami Kalib, and was broadcast in two parts, on October 29 and November 5, 2005; the text and audio of the relevant part in the interview and the sound are also available in al- Jazeera’s Internet site, http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/72C296B9–288F- 4B67-B74D-2DB21E343914.htm’L1 (Arabic).