MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF ZERO CARBON HOMES: A multi-disciplinary review of the literature and assessment of key barriers and enablers Edited by Dr Kate Theobald and Dr Sara Walker, School of the Built Environment, Northumbria University 1 Contents Contents...................................................................................................................2 Introduction .............................................................................................................6 References.............................................................................................................9 Chapter One: Policy and regulatory context ......................................................10 Introduction ..........................................................................................................10 National policy documents ...................................................................................10 Government support programmes .......................................................................13 Building regulations/planning policy and new homes...........................................13 Retrofitting existing homes...................................................................................15 Fuel Poverty and Energy Efficiency .....................................................................15 Local Government................................................................................................16 North East policy documents ...............................................................................17 Barriers to 2016 and recommendations for Government action...........................17 Gaps in research..................................................................................................19 References...........................................................................................................20 Chapter Two: Behavioural aspects......................................................................22 Introduction ..........................................................................................................22 Innovation ............................................................................................................22 What people can do to reduce their carbon emissions.................................................22 Informing people..........................................................................................................23 Providing feedback on energy use.......................................................................24 Controls, rewards, and incentives ........................................................................24 Engagement.........................................................................................................25 Consumer understanding ............................................................................................25 2 Consumer engagement ...............................................................................................25 Motivations for consumer behaviour ............................................................................26 Consumer attitudes..............................................................................................27 Media and information sources....................................................................................29 Barriers and Enablers ..........................................................................................29 Barriers........................................................................................................................29 Enablers ......................................................................................................................33 Conclusions and Recommendations....................................................................34 References...........................................................................................................36 Chapter Three: Supply chains: linking policy and practice in the construction industry..................................................................................................................40 Introduction ..........................................................................................................40 Innovation ............................................................................................................40 Barriers and Enablers ..........................................................................................42 Conclusions and Recommendations....................................................................45 References...........................................................................................................46 Chapter Four: Supply Chains 2............................................................................48 Introduction ..........................................................................................................48 Supply chain concept...........................................................................................48 Structure of the Construction Supply Chain .................................................................49 Environmental Issues...........................................................................................50 Barriers and Enablers ..........................................................................................51 Perceived Barriers to Change......................................................................................52 Conclusions and Recommendations....................................................................54 References...........................................................................................................55 Chapter Five: Building Technologies for Adapting Existing Dwellings to Meet the Target of Zero Carbon Emissions: increasing thermal mass in lightweight buildings using PCM wall boards ........................................................................58 Introduction ..........................................................................................................58 3 Innovation ............................................................................................................59 The significance of thermal mass ................................................................................59 Phase Change Materials (PCMs) ................................................................................61 Review of the Research...............................................................................................61 Engagement.........................................................................................................67 Barriers and Enablers ..........................................................................................69 Conclusions and Recommendations....................................................................70 References...........................................................................................................72 Chapter 5: Conclusions and future research priorities .....................................74 Barriers/enablers identified as key issues by workshop delegates ......................74 Recommendations for future collaboration/research priorities .............................74 Appendix 1: Building and adapting homes to meet the target of zero carbon emissions – advice on Virtual Reality aspects ...................................................77 Introduction ..........................................................................................................77 Innovation ............................................................................................................77 Engagement.........................................................................................................78 Barriers and Enablers ..........................................................................................79 Conclusions and recommendations .....................................................................79 References...........................................................................................................80 Appendix 2: Technologies available for meeting the Zero Carbon Homes Target .....................................................................................................................83 Current domestic vs zero carbon homes energy usage.......................................83 Installation of PV, solar thermal and micro-wind ..................................................85 Costs of energy production ..................................................................................86 Barriers to Electricity storage ...............................................................................86 Other incentives and enablers .............................................................................86 Innovation to reduce energy losses from houses.................................................87 Smart Metering and monitoring systems......................................................................87 4 Ventilation....................................................................................................................88 Heating........................................................................................................................88 Reducing solar gain.....................................................................................................88