EAW Expansion Project DEIS C Appendix C Archaeological Survey of the East Arm Wharf Expansion and Surrounding Area Darwin NT Archaeological Survey of the East Arm Wharf Expansion and Surrounding Area, Darwin NT Draft Report prepared for: URS Corporation, Darwin. March 2011 Earthsea Pty Ltd Archaeological Survey of the East Arm Wharf Expansion and Surrounding Area, Darwin NT URS Corporation, Darwin. Prepared by: Daryl Wesley Incorporating background information compiled by Ben Keys and Richard Woolfe of Earthsea Pty Ltd. Darwin: PO Box 1242, Darwin NT 0801 Brisbane: PO Box 351, The Gap, Brisbane QLD. Contact: Phone: 07 35111703 Mobile: 0439722438 0428547342 EARTH SEA HERITAGE SURVEYS, This report has been prepared in accordance with the scope of services Earthsea Pty Ltd outlined in the contract or agreement between Earth Sea Heritage Surveys ABN: 18130222650 and the Client. The report has been prepared solely for use by the Client and ACN: 130222650 unauthorised use of this document in any form is prohibited. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLES .......................................................................................................................................................................4 GLOSSARY OF TERMS ....................................................................................................................................................5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................................................................6 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS:.........................................................................................................................................7 1.0. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................................8 1.1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................................8 1.2. STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT ......................................................................................................................................9 1.3. PROJECT AREA LOCATION..........................................................................................................................................9 1.4 CONSULTATION WITH TRADITIONAL OWNERS...............................................................................................................12 2.0 LEGISLATIVE AND REGISTER BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................13 2.1. THE LEGISLATIVE AND SOCIAL BASIS FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE PROTECTION..................................................................13 2.2. REGISTER SEARCHES..............................................................................................................................................15 3.0. PHYSICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING .........................................................................................................19 4.0 HISTORIC CULTURAL HERITAGE – EAST ARM ......................................................................................................20 4.1 HISTORY OF DARWIN AND ITS ENVIRONMENT ...............................................................................................................20 4.2 WORLD WAR II ARCHAEOLOGICAL AT EAST ARM..........................................................................................................21 4.3 MARITIME CULTURAL HERITAGE – DARWIN HARBOUR...................................................................................................29 4.3.1 SHIPWRECKS IN DARWIN HARBOUR .........................................................................................................................30 4.4 FLYING BOAT WRECK SITES IN THE EAST ARM AREA....................................................................................................34 5.0 INDIGENOUS CULTURAL HERITAGE.......................................................................................................................39 5.1 BACKGROUND ETHNOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................................................39 5.2 INDIGENOUS ARCHAEOLOGY OF DARWIN HARBOUR......................................................................................................40 6.0 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................................43 6.1. HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES........................................................................................................................43 6.2. SITE DEFINITION......................................................................................................................................................45 7.0 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................................................54 7.1 TERRESTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................54 7.2 MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY WITHIN THE VICINITY OF DEVELOPMENT AREAS.......................................................................62 8.0. HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT..............................................................................................................66 8.1. INDIGENOUS CULTURAL HERITAGE ............................................................................................................................66 8.2. INDIGENOUS ARCHAEOLOGY ASSESSMENT SUMMARY..................................................................................................69 8.3. WORLD WAR II TERRESTRIAL SITE ASSESSMENT. .......................................................................................................70 8.4. HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WORLD WAR II AIRCRAFT WRECK SITES .....................................................................71 8.5. HERITAGE VALUE OF MARITIME SHIPWRECKS .............................................................................................................72 9.0. CULTURAL HERITAGE RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................................................74 9.1. INDIGENOUS CONSULTATIONS AND INVOLVEMENT........................................................................................................74 9.2. DEVELOPMENT OF AN EAST ARM WHARF EXPANSION CONSTRUCTION CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN...............77 9.3. INDIGENOUS CULTURAL HERITAGE RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................77 9.4. HISTORIC WORLD WAR II ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES .....................................................................................................78 9.5. MARITIME WRECK SITES OUTSIDE THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AREA .........................................................................78 9.6. MARITIME WRECKS SITE WITHIN THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ZONE ...........................................................................79 REFERENCE LIST...........................................................................................................................................................80 TABLES TABLE 1: SITE SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATION BRIEFS .................................................................................7 TABLE 2: NRETAS DATABASE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES WITHIN EAST ARM PROJECT AREA .......................16 TABLE 3: REGISTERED HISTORIC SHIPWRECKS, EAST ARM .....................................................................17 TABLE 4: HISTORY AND LIKELY RELICS ENCOUNTERED AT DARWIN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES. .......................21 TABLE 5: PREVIOUSLY RECORDED WWII SITES IN THE EAST ARM AREA ....................................................23 TABLE 6: WRECKS IN DARWIN HARBOUR (COMPILED FROM LEWIS 1992 AND LONEY 1994 .........................32 TABLE 7: LIST OF PBY CATALINA FLYING BOAT WRECKS IN THE EAST ARM AREA.......................................35 TABLE 8: NATURAL AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SHELL MIDDENS, SCATTERS, AND NATURAL SHELL BEDS DIAGNOSTICS (BURKE AND SMITH 2004) ...............................................................................51 TABLE 9: COMMON SHELL SPECIES THAT OCCUR IN SHELL MIDDENS AND SCATTERS IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY ................................................................................................................................52 TABLE 10: INDIGENOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE DESCRIPTIONS FROM THE EAST ARM STUDY AREA ............56 TABLE 11: HISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND FEATURES FROM THE EAST ARM STUDY AREA .............57 TABLE 12: WWII CATALINA WRECKS WHICH MAY BE OF SOME OFF-SITE RISK FROM MARITIME ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH DREDGING. ......................................................................................................65 TABLE 13CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT OF SITES LIKELY TO BE AFFECTED BY EAST ARM WHARF DEVELOPMENT ...........................................................................................................................67 TABLE 14 CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT OF SITES LOCATED NEARBY THE PROPOSED EAST ARM WHARF DEVELOPMENT ...........................................................................................................................67