Home Lands Island and Archipelagic States’ Policymaking for Human Mobility in the Context of Climate Change Implemented by In cooperation with 2 HOME LANDS – ISLAND AND ARCHIPELAGIC STATES’ POLICYMAKING FOR HUMAN MOBILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE 3 Home Lands Island and Archipelagic States’ Policymaking for Human Mobility in the Context of Climate Change Kira Vinke, Julia Blocher, Mechthild Becker, Jorge S. Ebay, Teddy Fong, Asha Kambon Acknowledgements We thank our collaborators and reviewers for their support: Jonas Bergmann, Annett Fleischer, Claire Frank (www.barbudaful.net), Thiago Garcia, Frederic Grobler, Sereseini Kurulala, Marlene Kuschmann, Mariano, Anne Patricia, Claudia Meintzinger, Dennis Nestorowicz, Dr. Thomas Nocke, Dr. Emanuela Paoletti, Ratu Pio Radikedike, Jasmin Remlinger, Felix Ries, Dr. Dorothea Rischewski, Gabor Sasvari, Jana Schelte, Patricia Schwerdtle, Mereia Tabua, Andrea Teran, Dr. Fanny Thornton, Julian Tost, Tuverea Tuamoto, Mere Vere, Stefanie Wesch and Martin Wodinski. We would like to especially thank Prof. Hans Joachim Schellnhuber for his guidance throughout this project and our interview partners who made this report possible. 4 CONTENTS Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 3 1. Foreword .......................................................................................................... 10 2. Executive Summary ....................................................................................... 13 1. Set a Strategic Direction ............................................................................................ 18 2. Execute Abating Actions for Climate Risks .......................................................................... 18 3. Improve Data and Strengthen Research ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 4. Foster Effective Policy Implementation and Decision Making ...................................................... 19 5. Widen and Deepen the Stakeholder Network ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 3. Introduction .................................................................................................... 21 3.2. Human Mobility in the Context of Climate Change – Policy Challenges and Livelihood Opportunities for Island and Archipelagic Nations at Risk .............................................. 22 3.3. Concepts and Definitions of Human Mobility (Displacement, Planned Relocation, Migration, Trapped Populations) .................................................................................... 24 3.4. Objective and Methodology ........................................................................................ 25 Limitations .......................................................................................................... 27 4. The Eastern Caribbean Human Mobility Policies in the Context of Climate Change in Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, the Commonwealth of Dominica, and Saint Lucia ......................... 29 4.1. Introduction: Unprecedented Storms and Community Displacement in the Eastern Caribbean .................................................................................................. 29 Information Base of the Caribbean Chapter .......................................................................... 29 Background: Migration in the Caribbean ............................................................................. 30 4.2. Climate Change-Related Drivers of Human Mobility in the Eastern Caribbean ..................................... 31 Health Effects of Extreme Events .................................................................................... 34 4.3. Regional Policies and Actors Addressing HMCCC ................................................................... 34 Regional Actor Landscape ........................................................................................... 35 Relevant Regional Policies for HMCCC ............................................................................... 36 4.4. Country-Specific Insights ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 38 Antigua and Barbuda ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 38 HOME LANDS – ISLAND AND ARCHIPELAGIC STATES’ POLICYMAKING FOR HUMAN MOBILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE 5 Anguilla ............................................................................................................. 44 Commonwealth of Dominica ........................................................................................ 46 Saint Lucia .......................................................................................................... 48 4.5. Mapping Obstacles and Building Blocks for HMCCC People-Centred Planning .................................... 50 Policy Gaps .......................................................................................................... 50 Rights-Based and Gender-Sensitive Approaches ..................................................................... 51 Data Gaps ........................................................................................................... 52 Research ............................................................................................................ 54 Entry Points ......................................................................................................... 54 4.6. Recommendations for the Caribbean ............................................................................... 55 Core Recommendations at the Regional Level ........................................................................ 55 National Level ....................................................................................................... 60 5. The Pacific Human Mobility Policies in the Context of Climate Change in Fiji, Kiribati, Tuvalu and Vanuatu ............ 65 5.1. Planned Relocation and the Demand to Stay – Pacific Island Nations at Crossroads �������������������������������� 65 Background: Migration in the Pacific ................................................................................. 66 Information Base of the Pacific Chapter ............................................................................. 68 5.2. Climate Change-Related Drivers of Human Mobility in the Pacific ................................................. 69 Physical and Mental Health Impacts ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 71 5.3. Regional Policies and Actors Addressing Climate Migration ........................................................ 72 Regional Actor Landscape ........................................................................................... 72 Relevant Regional Policies for HMCCC ............................................................................... 74 5.4. Country-Specific Insights ........................................................................................... 75 Fiji .................................................................................................................. 75 Kiribati .............................................................................................................. 85 Tuvalu ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 89 Vanuatu ............................................................................................................. 91 5.5. Mapping Obstacles and Building Blocks for HMCCC People-Centred Planning ..................................... 95 Policy Gaps .......................................................................................................... 95 Gender-Sensitive Approaches ........................................................................................ 96 Data Gaps ........................................................................................................... 97 Research ............................................................................................................ 99 Communication and Coordination between Stakeholders on HMCCC ................................................ 99 5.6. Recommendations for the Pacific .................................................................................. 100 Core Recommendations at the Regional Level ....................................................................... 100 National Level ...................................................................................................... 101 6 CONTENTS 6. The Philippines Human Mobility Policies in the Context of Climate Change in the Philippines ................................ 105 6.1. Introduction: Human Mobility in the Philippines .................................................................. 105 Information Base of the Philippines Chapter ........................................................................ 107 Background: Migration in the Philippines ........................................................................... 108 6.2. Climate Change-Related Drivers of Human Mobility in the Philippines ............................................ 109 6.3. Policies and Actors Addressing Climate Migration ................................................................. 113 Actor Landscape ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������