Doctoral (PhD) Dissertation KATALIN BERÉNYI 2018 1 NEMZETI KÖZSZOLGÁLATI EGYETEM Közigazgatás-tudományi Doktori Iskola Katalin Berényi Addressing the anomaly of statelessness in Europe: An EU law and human rights perspective Doctoral (PhD) thesis Tutor: Dr. habil. Katalin Gombos university professor Budapest, 2018. 2 TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 10 TOPICALITY OF THE ISSUE .................................................................................................................. 10 REASONS OF CHOOSING THE SUBJECT ................................................................................................ 11 PROBLEM FORMULATION .................................................................................................................... 13 MAIN HYPOTHESES ............................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 1: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ....................................................... 16 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 16 1. 1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS, OBJECTIVES TO ACCOMPLISH AND OPPORTUNITIES OF THEIR UTILIZATION ......................................................................................................................................... 16 1. 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 18 1. 3. STRUCTURE OF THE DISSERTATION ............................................................................... 23 1. 4. DELIMITATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 25 SUMMARIZING THE RATIONALE OF MY RESEARCH ........................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................... 28 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 28 2. 1. HISTORICAL PROGRESS IN THE CONCEPT OF STATELESSNESS................................................. 29 2. 2. VIEWS ON NATIONALITY AND STATELESSNESS IN LIGHT OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY ................ 30 2. 3. LITERATURE ADDRESSING STATELESSNESS AS A HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUE ........ 31 2. 4. LITERATURE ON STATELESS POPULATIONS IN EUROPE ............................................................ 32 2. 5. LITERATURE ON THE ROLE OF THE EU IN ADDRESSING STATELESSNESS ................................ 34 2. 6. LITERATURE ON STATELESSNESS DETERMINATION PROCEDURES .......................................... 35 2. 7. LITERATURE ON A REGIONALLY HARMONISED STATUS DETERMINATION MECHANISM ........ 37 2. 8. LITERATURE ON THE RATIONALE OF A REGIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENT TO ADDRESS STATELESSNESS .................................................................................................................................... 38 SUMMARIZING THE RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 40 CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND......................................................................... 41 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 41 3. 1. NATURAL RIGHTS THEORY ......................................................................................................... 42 3. 2. LIBERAL POLITICAL THEORY ..................................................................................................... 44 SUMMARIZING THE RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 45 CHAPTER 4: IMPLICATIONS OF STATELESSNESS ................................................................ 45 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 46 4. 1. BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................ 46 4. 2. DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF STATELESSNESS ........................... 51 4. 2. 1. DE IURE STATELESSNESS ........................................................................................................... 52 4. 2. 2. DE FACTO STATELESSNESS ........................................................................................................ 53 4. 2. 3. IN SITU STATELESSNESS ............................................................................................................ 56 4. 2. 4. STATELESSNESS IN THE MIGRATORY CONTEXT ......................................................................... 56 4. 3. THE RIGHT TO A NATIONALITY AS A HUMAN RIGHT ................................................................. 57 3 4. 3. 1. CASE STUDY: STATELESS PERSONS’ RIGHT TO WORK ................................................................ 62 4. 4. STATELESSNESS AND GENDER-BASED DISCRIMINATION .......................................................... 64 SUMMARIZING THE RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 67 CHAPTER 5: STATELESS POPULATIONS IN EUROPE ............................................................ 67 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 67 5. 1. BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................ 68 5. 2. NON-CITIZENSHIP IN THE BALTIC STATES OF LATVIA AND ESTONIA ................ 71 5. 2. 1. HISTORIC BACKGROUND AND PERSISTING IMPLICATIONS OF NON-CITIZENSHIP ..................... 72 5. 2. 2. NEXUS BETWEEN NON-CITIZENSHIP AND STATELESSNESS ....................................................... 79 5. 2. 3. POSITIVE IMPACT OF EU ACCESSION ON THE SITUATION OF NON-CITIZENS ............................. 82 5. 2. 4. GEOPOLITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF NON-CITIZENSHIP IN THE EU CONTEXT ................................ 86 5. 3. ROMA AND POST-YUGOSLAV STATELESSNESS IN EUROPE ........................................................ 88 5. 3. 1. BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................... 88 5. 3. 2. GENDER DIMENSION OF ROMA STATELESSNESS ...................................................................... 91 5. 3. 3. CASE STUDY: ITALY ................................................................................................................................... 93 5. 3. 4. POTENTIAL OF EU ENLARGEMENT AND THE COE ..................................................................... 97 5. 4. STATELESSNESS IN EUROPE AS A RESULT OF BIASED NATIONALITY LAWS ............................. 99 5. 4. 1. BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................... 99 5. 4. 2. GENDER-BASED DISCRIMINATION IN NATIONALITY LAWS ..................................................... 100 SUMMARIZING THE RESULTS ............................................................................................................ 106 CHAPTER 6: INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS REGIME RELATING TO STATELESSNESS .... 107 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 107 6. 1. UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS REGIME RELATING TO THE RIGHTS OF STATELESS PERSONS . 108 6. 1. 1. CONVENTION ON CERTAIN QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE CONFLICT OF NATIONALITY LAWS (1930) .................................................................................................................................................. 108 6. 1. 2. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1948), THE RIGHT TO A NATIONALITY .......... 110 6. 1. 3. CONVENTION RELATING TO THE STATUS OF REFUGEES (1951) .............................................. 111 6. 1. 4. CONVENTION ON THE STATUS OF STATELESS PERSONS (1954) .............................................. 113 6. 1. 5. CONVENTION ON THE REDUCTION OF STATELESSNESS (1961) ............................................... 117 6. 1. 6. INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS (1966) ................................... 120 6. 1. 7. CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION (1965) ..... 121 6. 1. 8. CONVENTION TO REDUCE THE NUMBER OF CASES OF STATELESSNESS (1973) ....................... 122 6. 1. 9. CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN (1979) .................................................................................................................................................. 122 6. 1. 10. CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD (1989) ............................................................. 126 6. 1. 11. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF ALL MIGRANT WORKERS AND MEMBERS OF THEIR FAMILIES (1990) .........................................................................