Impacts of Land Use Management on Ecosystem Services and Their Regulations Zheng Hua Research Center for EcoEco--EnvironmentalEnvironmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences May 15, 2011 Xi’an China Outline Challenges of ecosystem service management Introduction of InVEST models Impacts of alternative land use management on multiple ES: Hainan Island case study Challenges of ecosystem service management The benefits people obtain from ecosystems (MA, 2003) Ecosystem services Provisioning services Regulating services Cultural services Food Spiritual/religious Climate regulation Freshwater Recreation and Disease regulation Fuelwood ecotourism Water regulation Fibre Aesthetic Water purification Inspirational Biochemicals Pollination Educational Genetic resources Storm mitigation Sense of place Hydropower …… Cultural heritage …… …… Supporting services Soil formation, Nutrient cycling, Primary production…… Challenges of ecosystem service management Uneven delivery of different kinds of services Agricultural productionTimber production Hydropower production Water pollution regulation Flood mitigation Avoided reservoir sedimentation Challenges of ecosystem service management MA (2005): Approximately 60% (15 out of 24) of the ecosystem services (70% of regulating and cultural services) are being degraded or used unsustainably. Challenges of ecosystem service management How to quantify and manage tradeoffs of multiple ecosystem services? How to sustain natural resources while promoting economic growth and quality of life? Introduction of InVEST models Stanford University, WWF and TNC (www.naturalcapitalproject.org). A software system - InVEST: Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs This tool informs managers and policy makers about the impacts of alternative resource management choices on the economy, human well-being, and the environment, in an integrated way (Daily, et al., 2009) Introduction of InVEST models InVEST can map & value Biodiversity Water pollution regulation Carbon sequestration & storage Managed timber production Crop pollination Avoided reservoir sedimentation Tourism & recreation Land use Agricultural production Soil type Flood mitigation Topograph Hydropower production Road Irrigation Cities Open access products Infrastructure Outline Challenges of ecosystem service management Introduction of InVEST models Impacts of alternative land use management on multiple ES: Hainan Island case study Study area: Hainan Island Ecological protection challenges Model selection and validation Impacts of LULC change between 1998-2008 Alternative land use management impacts Study area: Hainan Island Map of China South of China, tropical climate 3.4 ×××10 4 km 2, 8.6 million people (2009) Center: mountains, forest land 70%. WuZhi Mountain; Yinggeling Mountain Map of Hainan Island Terrain Study area: Hainan Island Water resource conservation Nandu River, Changhua River and Wanquan River: 47% area Biodiversity conservation 23th priority ecoregion for global conservation: 11 nature reserves Hainan Peacock Pheasant Hainan Hill Partridge endemic and endangered species Tianchi in Jianfengling Daguangba reservoir in Ledong county Homalium hainanense Tree-fern ES protection challenges Challenges on ES protection Large economy difference among the regions Low compensative standard for Ecological Forest Increasing area in Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is threatening the water quality and biodiversity of Hainan Island ES protection challenges Poverty Simple house Simple house Simple kitchen papaya ES protection challenges Rubber plantation and increased impacts Rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis ) Natural forest destruction 五指山市化肥施用量 琼中县农药施用量 2000 250 200 1500 150 1000 100 500 50 农药施用量（吨） 化肥施用量（吨） 0 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2002 2003 2004 2005 Used amount of fertilizer in Wuzhishan City Used amount of pesticide in Qiongzhong County ES protection challenges Sharp contradiction between population and usable land Destruction of tropical rain forest Destruction of natural forest Nibbling into natural forest Killing of wildlife ES protection challenges Questions: What are the impacts of LULC on important ES? How to improve regional ES by sustainable land use management in the future? How to coordinate regional development and ES conservation by scientific policy design? Model selection and validation Watershed name Area (km 2) Nandujiang 6841 Changhuajiang 4635 Wanquanhe 3235 Model selection and validation Model application Rubber production Natural habitat Water yield model Water purification models (TN & TP): E&R Sedimentation retention model: E&R Storm peak mitigation model: Time to outlet; E&R Carbon sequestration Model selection and validation Corn wetland Corn Wetland Wetland Mitigation Model selection and validation Model application – Regulating Services Water yield model Water purification models (TN & TP) Sedimentation retention model Hydrological Main LULC in 2008 Area (km 2) stations Longtang AL: 24%; RP: 40%; NF: 13% 6841 Santan - 1215 Jiaji AL: 4%; RP: 52%; NF: 25% 3235 Jiabao - 1157 Baoqiao AL: 6%; RP: 20%; NF: 52% 4635 Model selection and validation Water yield model Water purification model – TP 100 600 y = 1.01x R² = 0.97 y = 0.81x 80 p < 0.01 500 R² = 0.94 ) p < 0.01 3 m 8 400 60 300 40 200 Simulated value value (10 Simulated 20 phosphorus (t) total Simulated 100 Five watersheds 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Observed value (10 8 m3) Observed total phosphorus (t) Water purification model – TN Sedimentation retention model 7000 450 y = 1.11x 400 y = 1.23x 6000 R² = 0.74 R² = 0.92 350 p < 0.01 p < 0.01 t) 5000 3 300 4000 250 200 3000 150 2000 Simulated soil (10 loss soil Simulated 100 Simulated total nitrogen nitrogen total(t) Simulated 1000 50 0 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Observed soil loss (10 3 t) Observed total nitrogen (t) Impacts of LULC change on ecosystem services LULC change in Hainan Island 40 50 1998 1998 35 40 2008 30 30 20 10 25 2008in (%) 0 PL DL NF RP OF Shr G-L GL WBCLO 20 plantation plantation percentpercentrubberrubberAreaArea of of Land use and land cover type in 1998 15 Percent ofofPercentPercentareaarea (%) (%) 10 5 2008 0 PL DL NF RP OF Shr G-L GL WB CLO Land use and land cover type Rubber plantation: 17.3% - 36.1% Natural forest: 37.4% - 28.0% 1998 2008 Rubber Impacts of production 2.0 Carbon 1.5 Natural sequestration habitate 1.0 LULC 0.5 0.0 Storm peak Soil mitigation conservation Total change on Total nitrogen phosphorus retention retention ecosystem (A) Nandujiang watershed Rubber production 2.5 services 2.0 Carbon Natural sequestration 1.5 habitate 1.0 0.5 0.0 Storm peak Soil mitigation conservation Total Total nitrogen phosphorus retention retention (B) Changhuajiang watershed Rubber production 2.0 Carbon 1.5 Natural sequestration habitate 1.0 0.5 0.0 Storm peak Soil mitigation conservation Total Total nitrogen phosphorus retention retention (C) Wanquanhe watershed Impacts of LULC change on ecosystem services Impacts of LULC change on ecosystem services Scenarios – NRPE: No Rubber Plantation Expansion – CEM: Complex Ecosystem Management – REP: Restoration of Natural Forest Complex ecosystem management Monoculture (Adaptive management) Impacts of LULC change on ecosystem services Impacts of LULC change on ecosystem services Tradeoffs between ecosystem provisioning and regulating services 2008 NRPE Rubber 2008 NRPE CEM RNF production Rubber 4.0 CEM RNF Carbon 3.0 Natural sequestration habitate production 2.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 1.5 Storm peak Soil Carbon Natural mitigation conservation sequestration habitate 1.0 Total Total nitrogen phosphorus retention 0.5 retention (A) Nandujiang watershed 0.0 Storm peak Soil Rubber production mitigation conservation 3.0 Carbon 2.0 Natural sequestration habitate 1.0 Total Total 0.0 Storm peak Soil phosphorus nitrogen mitigation conservation retention retention Total Total phosphorus nitrogen (B) Changhuajiang Watershed retention retention (C) Wanquanhe watershed Conclusions and recommendations One service may be gained at the expense of another. Rubber provisioning service production undermined the ecosystem regulating services: sediment, TN, TP retention, natural habitat, storm peak mitigation and the sustainability of productivity. Actively adaptive management will improve sediment/TN/TP retention, storm peak mitigation and conserve regulating services. The analysis of spatial patterns of ecosystem services with the InVEST models helped us understand how ecosystem services change and are distributed across the landscape. The case provides a general methodology for managing tradeoffs between the ecosystem provisioning and regulating service, showing investment returns through time. Conclusions and recommendations Suggestions ： Accounting regulating ecosystem services for regional sustainable land use planning and restoration planning; Excluding rubber plantation from the classification of ecological forest due to its great impacts; Reforming water resource fee price system and implementing ecological compensation to coordinate ES conservation and development; Implementing adaptive management for rubber plantation to improve the ecosystem regulating services. Many thanks to Professor Gretchen Daily and NatCap team!.