n P-1 IpRC - The Biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis and its Applications in Developing Countries Edited by H. S. SALAMA, Ph. D., D. Sc. National Research Centre ( NRC), Cairo, Egypt O. N. MORRIS, Ph. D. Agriculture Canada Research Station, Manitoba, Canada E. RACHED, Ph. D. International Development Research Centre ( IDRC), Canada Proceedings of an International Workshop organised by NRC-Cairo, Agriculture Canada and IDRC ( 4 - 6 November,1991 ) Cairo 1993 Published by : National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt and International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. Mention of a proprietary name does not constitute endorsement of the product, and is given only for information. Layout : A. A. Abdel-Maguid, NRC, Cairo. Printed in Egypt by : AL-AHRAM Commercial Press, Qualiub. Egypt. Legal Deposit No.: 7706/1993 - ISBN : 977-5041-31-7 This volume presents the contributions of the international workshop "Bacillus thuringiensis and its Applications in Developing Countries", that was held in Cairo during the period 4 - 6 November, 1991. Honorary President Dr. Mahmoud Hafez Steering Committee : - Dr. H.S. Salama NRC, Cairo. - Dr. M.S. Foda NRC, Cairo. - Dr. Oswald Morris AGRIC. Canada. - Dr. Eglal Rached IDRC, Cairo. - Dr. Ken McKay IDRC, Ottawa. Organizing Committee - Dr. F. Zaki NRC, Cairo. - Dr. S. Salem NRC, Cairo. - Dr. Magda A. Amer NRC, Cairo. - Mr. Atef Abdel-Razek NRC, Cairo. - Mr. Atef Abdel-Rahman NRC, Cairo. The generous contributions made by the following organisations are gratefully acknowledged : - International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada. - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, (FAO), Italy. - UNESCO Regional Office for Science and Technology for the Arab States, Egypt. - Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), Canada. - Sandoz Ltd, Switzerland. - Abbott Labs. North Chicago, U.S.A. CONTENTS PW Preface .................................................................. I Introductory Remarks ............................................... 3 List of Contributors ................................................. 9 Part I : BaciUus thuringiensis Utilization in Developing Countries : - Development of isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis and similar aerobic microbes for use in developing countries. H. T. Dulnrage ................................................................ 15 - Simple techniques for the application of Bacillus thuringiensis in field crops suitable for developing countries. A. Jones .................................................................... 43 - Use of Bacillus thuringiensis in Italy : Current status. E. Pasqualini .................... ............................. 53 - Potential of Bacillus thuringiensis in integrated pest management for developing countries. S. Barbosa ...................................................................... 59 - Development of a new ELISA method to measure the concentra- tion of delta-endotoxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis. A. Margiarkis, J. Absir and D. to DAM ............................... 73 - Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis in the tropical environment. O.- N. Morris ................................................................... 93 - Enhancement of Bacillus thuringiensis for field application. H. S. Sakaw .................................................................. 105 - The genetics and molecular biology of Bacillus dwringiensis. A. M. M. Ali ................................................................... 117 Page Part II. Production and Utilization Constraints of Bacillus thuringiensis in Developing Countries - Novel simple production and formulation techniques for Bacillus thuringiensis in Thailand. S. Pantuwatana, W. Panbangred and A. Bhumiratana .............. 123 - Development of a high production process for the production of bioinsecticides by Bacillus thuringiensis. M. Rodriguez, E. Razo, J. Villafana, E. de Urquijo, and M. de La Torre .......................................................... 137 - Local production of Bacillus thuringiensis in Egypt : Advantages and constraints. M.S. Foda, H.S. Salama and M. Fadel. ............................... 149 - Applications of Bacillus thuringiensis preparations against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), in Taiwan. Roger F. Hou and Tao-mei Chou ......................................... 167 - Constraints on the use of Bacillus thuringiensis in the Philippines. L.E. Padua ..................................................................... 179 - Identification and purification of different exotoxins from nine strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. B.A. Afef, L. Ferid and B. Omrane ..................................... 189 - Application of biotechnology in pest control using Bacillus thuringiensis formulations. A. Merdan ...................................................................... 197 - Utilization of Bacillus thuringiensis for crop protection in Egypt. Emphasizing constraints. F. N. Zaki . ...................................................................... 205 - Farmers acceptability of the microbial control application in Egypt. S.A. Salem ..................................................................... 211 - Metabolic characteristics of Bacillus thuringiensis during submerged fermentation. Me Tianjian, Ma Tianliang, Xie Xinzhu and Yang Zhiwen ........ 213 11 Page - Study on optimization of dissolved oxygen to raise spore count of Bacillus thuringiensis. Me Tianjian, Ma Tianliang, Me Xinzhu and Ding Qiumei ......... 221 - Production and Utilization of Bacillus thuringiensis for crop protec- tion in Brazil. L O. Moraes ................................................................... 227 - Optimization of process parameters for an economic production of biocide, Bacillus thuringiensis active against lepidopteran agri- cultural pests by the use of continuous culture studies. R. Sachidanandham, N. Rajendran, E. Sivamani, K. Jayaraman, K. Jenny, R. Laforce and A. Fiechter ................................... 233 - Bioassay of Bacillus thuringiensis. A. Sharaby ..................................................................... 253 - Bacillus thuringiensis and environmental safety. M. Matter ....................................................................... 257 Part III. Commercialization of Bacillus thuringiensis : - Commercialization of Bacillus thuringiensis and other bacterial insecticides. R. A. Daoust ................................................................... 267 Development of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides in Ciba-Geigy as exemplified with CGA 237'218. K. Bernhard ................. .................................... 283 Canadian policy and regulations for the adoption of naturally occurring and genetically modified Bacillus thuringiensis. J. E. HoUebone ............................................................... 303 Commercialization and utilization of Bacillus thuringiensis for crop protection in China. Xie Tianjian, Huang Bingao, Zhong Liansen and Wu Girin ...... 311 All Page - Investigations with Dipel ES and Dipel ES-Chemical insecticide mixtures for control of Lepidoptera pests in cotton in the United States and Australia. R. A. Asco ................................................................... 317 Conclusions and Recommendations ..................................... 331 IV Preface In many countries of the world, agricultural plant protection relies heavily on pesticides. While providing effective control, chemical pesticides have produced major well known problems : health hazards to humans and animals, destruction of natural biotic control agents and increased resistance of major insects species and steady increase in dosages required to control them. In spite of a more than 10 fold increase insecticide use since 1940, crop losses due to insects have nearly doubled in the same period. This situation accelerates the movement towards more sound control methods of which the microbial control proved to be the most efficient. The most promising biological agent to date to satisfy this goal is the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (B. t. ). This organism proved to be a highly successful weapon for fighting some agricultural pests and some vectors of diseases but its use is still limited in developing countries except China where it is widely produced and used. It is non toxic to people, most other non target insects and the environment. It can be targeted to specific pests. The safety ofB. t. is associated with a much lower development cost, in large part due to the reduced expenses of obtaining registration. Plans have been made to organise "The International workshop on Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) and its application as it relates to developing countries "at the National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt, from November 4 - 6, 1991. This workshop was organized jointly by the National Research Centre, the International Development Research Centre, IDRC, Ottawa and Agriculture Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba. The objectives of the workshop were as follows : 1. Identifying the constraints facing increased utilization of B. t. in developing countries. 2. Discussing recent research on specific topics as they relate to developing countries. 3. Identifying needs and priorities for the increased utilization of B. t. in developing countries. This volume provides a comprehensive coverage of the present and potential use of Bacillus thuringiensis in developing countries. It aims to collate the existing