This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Hervey, N. B Title: The Lunacy Commission 1845-60, with special reference to the implementation of policy in Kent and Surrey General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. 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Volume 2 vnT. iyyi 2 CONTENTS Page: FOOTNOTES: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE CHAPTER TWO CHAPTER THREE 24 CHAPTER FOUR 42 CHAPTER FIVE 59 CHAPTER SIX 74 TABLES: TABLES RELATED TO CHAPTER SIX 99 APPENDIX A: A LIST OF THOSE APPOINTED TO THE METROPOLITAN LUNACY COMMISSION 117 APPENDIX B: THE CHANGING COMPOSITION OF THE METROPOLITAN LUNACY COMMISSION 119 APPENDIX C: BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS OF THE METROPOLITAN LUNACY COMMISSIONERS 119 APPENDIX D: BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS OF THE LUNACY COMMISSIONERS 1845-1860 125 APPENDIX E: THE PRACTICE OF SIR ALEXANDER MORISON 130 APPENDIX F: MORISON'S PRIVATE NETWORK OF CARE 131 APPENDIX G: CASE STUDY OF OPPOSITION TO THE COMMISSION - DR SEATON: A PORTRAIT IN CONTUMELY (FOOTNOTES ATTACHED) 132 APPENDIX H: HOME SECRETARIES AND LORDS CHANCELLOR 1845-60 140 APPENDIX I: MAP - LICENSED HOUSES IN KENT AND SURREY. 141 APPENDIX J: A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF ASYLUMS IN KENT AND SURREY 142 BIBLIOGRAPHY: 170 -1- FOOTNOTES - TNTRODUCTTON 1) Bingley, V, I Mental Health Act Commission: The Cavalry is cantering rather than charging, I in Community Care (1985) 7 Feb. Villiam. Bingley is the Legal Director of Mind. 2) Dickens, C, Little DorLI-t, Chapter 10; Balzac, H de, Les Emplo=a (1836) (Transl. by Marriage, E, London 1898) p. 84. Balzac stated that clerks were no longer under the control of magistrates, instead, 'Bureaucracy, the giant power wielded by pygmies, came into for the world.... Bureaucracy was .... a predilection categorical statements and reports, a government as fussy and meddlesome, in short, as a shopkeeper's wife. ' 3) Mill's earlier work had drawn on Coleridge's ideas of a clerisy, advocating the recruitment of me-n of initiative into the government service. He believed that some functions of the clerisy could be undertaken by the more able civil servants. By the time he wrote Representative Government, he saw democracy as liable to stagnation. His writings reflected the dilemma facing all utilitarians: to what extent had the expert civil servant the right to maximise the general good, if in so doing, he transgressed the rights of individuals; Sir James Stephen, the Colonial Office administrator also argued that one would not find intellectual cavalry in dull routine-ised occupations. 4) Albrow, M, Bureaucracy-, p. 17. 5) See the back of this thesis for a published article concerning this society. 6) MacDonagh, 0, A Pattern of Government Growth 1800-60: The PassenXer Acts and their Enforcement. 7) Vational Register of Archives, Diaries of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, SHA/PD/7,3 Sep 1855. 8) Parry Jones, W L, The Trade In Lunacy: A Study of Private Madhouses in England in the Eighteenth and Nfnpteenth Centuries. - ii - FOOTNOTES - CHAPTER 1 1) Showalter, 'Victorian Women and Insanity, ' in Scull (ed), Madhouses. Had-Docters and Madmen. See also Winslow, I Woman in Her Psychological Relations, ' in J. Psych. Med., (1851) Val IV, pp. 8-50. 2) Screech, I Good Madness in Christendom, I in Bynum, Porter and Shepherd (eds) The Anatony of Madresq: Fqsays in the History of Psychiatry- Vol I, chapter 1; See also Screech, Ecstasy and the Praise of Folly passim; For a contemporary account expressing a similar idea see Adams, T, Mystical-Bpdlam. or the world of Mad Men, 1615 This was a sermon suggesting that all sin was madness; It is interesting to note that Martin Luther was subject to all sorts of fantastic hallucinations of the Devil. 3) Foucault, Madness and Civilization chapter 1. 4) MacDonald, Mystical Pedlam: XadnPss. Anxiety and Healing in Sixtepnth Cpntury EnZIand passim. 5) See Deutch, The Mentally Ill in America: A History of th, --ir Car-P and Treatment from Colonial Times p. 13; In Sixteenth Century England a favourite prescription for 'gathering the remembrance of a lunatic' was to beat and cudgel him until he regained his reason. Sir Thomas More recommended scourging for lunatics, writing of one, II caused him to be taken by the constables and bound to a tree in the street before the whole town, and there striped him till he waxed weary. Verily, God be thanked, I hear no harm of him now. ' 6) Burton, Thr% Anatomy cf Melancholy, (1621) p. 79; Scott, Discoyprie of Witchp! --, (1584) Scott was a more enlightened commentator who wrote that many accused of witchcraft needed the help of a physician, not the attentions of a torturer or executioner. 7) Bakewell, A Letter addressed to the Chairman of the Select Com,mitt(-e of the House of Co=ns apl2ointed to inquire into the State of Madhouses p. 12. 8) Willis, An Essay on the Pathology of the Brain and Nervous Stock (1667) in Hunter and Xacalpine, Threo-- Hundrgd Yp-ars of Psychiatry pp. 191-4; See also discussion in Doerner, Madmen and the Bourgeoisie: A Social History of Insanity and Psychiatry pp. 131-3. 9) Lovejoy, The Great Chain nf BeinS. 10) Doerner, Madmen pp. 54-95 and 190-96; Scull, Muqpums of Madnes. so Tbs- Social Organization nf Insanity in Nineteenth Century England pp. 18-48; Mellett, The Prerogatives of Asylumdom chapters 2 and 3. '11) Locke, An Essay Concerning Hu=n UnderstandIng Chapter 33, ' pp. 25u-52. Locke gave a good description of the effects of habitual ruminatory associations in the depression of a woman who had lost her child, see p. 253. 12) Porter, 'The Rage of Party. A Glorious Revolution in English Psychiatry, ' in Medical History (1983) 27, pp. 35-39. -1- 13) For discussion of the revolt against religious enthusiasm during this period see Rosen, 'Enthusiasm: a dark lanthorn of the spirit, ' in Bull. Hist. Ned. (1958) x1ii, pp. 393-421; William, 'The Restoration revolt against enthusiasm, ' in Studies in Philolo= (1933) xxx, pp. 571-603. 14) See Moore, Backgrounds of English Literature 1700-60 chapter 5, 'The English Malady. ' 15) Cheyne, The English Mal ady p. 104 and 261; Mandeville, A TrPatise of the Hyj2ochondriýck and Hysterick Passions pp. 149-52; Blackmore, & Treatise of the Splppn or Val2ours p. 90; Stukeley, Of tLe S; 21pen. its -28-30. descril2tion and history p. 66; See also Doerner, Madmen, pp. 16) Sterne acknowledged his own great debt to Locke's associationism. 17> For an example of this see, Exe Vale Wonford Hospital, Exeter, Records of Bowhill House, St Thomas's Hospital, Governor's Committee Minutes, Vol 1,15 Mar 1803, 'It has been a commonly received Opinion, which has been productive of the very worst consequences, that Medical Aid can be but of little advantage in Mental Derangements. The many Institutions however which have of late years been established throughout England for the reception of Persons thus severely afflicted, and from whence great numbers have been restored to their friends and to Society by proper Medical Treatment, now clearly evince the Opinion is founded in Error. ' The Governors went an to say that they wished to introduce more Gentlemen of the Faculty to the study of this neglected branch of Physic. 18) Valk, 'Some Aspects of the Moral Treatment of the Insane up to 1854,1 in J. M. Sc. (1954) Vol C, No. 42, pp. 808-815; Parry Jones, jhf-- Trade in Lunacy chapters 3 and 4; Doerner, Madmen pp. 39-47 and 73. 19) See Bynum, 'Rationales for Therapy in British Psychiatry 1780- 1835,1 in Scull, Madhouses. Mad-Doctnrs and Madmen, 20) Battie, A Treatise on MadnesS pp. 60-88. 21) Culien, First Linps of the Practic 22) Hunter and Macalpine, George T11 and the Had Business pp. 270-72; Also Pargeter, Observation,; on Maniacal Disorders pp. 127-34. 23) Millingen, Mind and XattRr illustrated- by Considerations on I; Preditary Insanj±y pp. 45,216-30; A similar argument was used to suggest that there was less mental illness in quiet rural areas. See Burrows, Co=entarfi-, on the Causes. Forms. Sy=tcm and Treatment. Moral and Medical. of Tnqanjjýy p. 242. 24) The 'egotistical sublime' of Keats was one expression of this, as were the self destructive behaviour of Byron, Coleridge and Shelley. 25) Bradley, The Call to Seriousness: The Evangelical I=act on the Victorians passim. - 26) Pinel believed that the Revolution in France had produced mental alienation by unleashing extreme passions, but also felt it had brought an awareness of the need for order and education. There is some evidence that at a later date, and an a lesser scale, Chartism.