1 ACTA ACADEMIAE REGIAE GUSTAVI ADOLPHI 98 2 sid2 3 ACTA ACADEMIAE REGIAE GUSTAVI ADOLPHI XCVIII Masks and Mumming in the Nordic Area Edited by Terry Gunnell UPPSALA 2007 Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur 4 Printed with grants from The Joint Committee of the Research Councils for the Humanities (NOS-H) The Nordic Culture Fund Letterstedtska föreningen © The respective authors and Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur 2007 ISSN 0065-0897 ISBN 978-91-85352-70-8 Printed in Sweden 2007 Textgruppen i Uppsala AB 5 In memory of HERBERT HALPERT and GEORGE M. STORY 6 7 Contents List of maps and figures . 11 Foreword . 21 Bengt af Klintberg Acknowledgements . 23 Abbreviations . 25 Introduction . 27 Terry Gunnell I: NATIONAL AND AREA SURVEYS OF MUMMING Masks and Mumming Traditions in Norway: A Survey . 47 Christine Eike Masks and Mumming Traditions in Sweden: A Survey . 107 Eva Knuts (trans. Sue Glover Frykman) Masks and Mumming Traditions in Denmark: A Survey . 189 Carsten Bregenhøj and Hanne Pico Larsen Masks and Mumming Traditions in the North Atlantic: A Survey . 275 Terry Gunnell Masks and Mumming Traditions in Finland and Karelia: An Introductory Survey . 327 Urpo Vento (trans. Susan Sinisalo) Masks and Mumming Traditions in Estonia: A Survey . 367 Ülo Tedre (trans. Maris Leponiemi) Masks and Mumming Traditions in Greenland: A Survey . 449 Adriënne Heijnen 8 II: ARTICLES Themes in Masks and Mumming Talking About the Talking Masks of Ærø . 485 Hanne Pico Larsen Disguise as Ritualised Humour in Norway, Past and Present . 497 Christine Eike Eros in Disguise: Eroticism in Mumming Interaction . 531 Annikki Kaivola-Bregenhøj (trans. Susan Sinisalo) Mock Brides, Hen Parties and Weddings: Changes in Time and Space . 549 Eva Knuts (trans. Sue Glover Frykman) Local Case Studies Easter Witches in Sweden . 569 Fredrik Skott “May the Star Come in?”: The Process of Tradition in Grimstad, Norway . 583 Ane Ohrvik (trans. Jean Aase) Changes in the St Knut’s Day Mumming in Äetsä, Finland . 603 Mari Kulmanen (trans. Susan Sinisalo) Tjugondag Knut Mumming on the Åland Islands, Past and Present . 621 Siv Ekström and Susanne Österlund-Pötzsch Ash Bags in the Country, Costumes in Town: Ash Wednesday Traditions in Iceland, Past and Present . 631 Kristín Einarsdóttir Elves on the Move: Midwinter Mumming and House-Visiting Traditions in Iceland . 643 Vilborg Daví∂sdóttir 9 Related Traditions in the Nordic Area “Oven Breakers”: Men’s Ritual Visits during the Season of Hallowmas and Christmas in Finnish-Karelian Communities . 667 Urpo Vento (trans. Sarah Schauss) The Killing of the Christmas Goat . 677 Reimund Kvideland Mumming in Effigy around St Knut’s Day in Southern Sweden: An Example of the Popular Exercise of Justice . 685 Nils-Arvid Bringéus (trans. Alan Crozier) New Traditions In Masks And Mumming Carnival in the Classroom: Icelandic Pre-Graduation Mumming Traditions at Upper-Secondary Level . 705 Terry Gunnell Black Elves and Orcs in Swedish Woods: Examples of Non- Traditional Masks in Live Role-Playing Games . 723 Bodil Nildin-Wall Comparable Traditions In Neighbouring Countries Galoshins: The Scottish Death-and-Revival Play Performed by Boys at Yule or Hallowe’en . 733 Emily Lyle Aspects of the Development of the Irish Christmas Mummers’ Play . 743 Séamas Ó Catháin Remembering the Past: The Marketing of Tradition in Newfoundland 755 Paul Smith Bibliography . 771 Index . 813 Contributors . 837 10 11 List of Maps and Figures Maps Map 1.1: Norway (from Norden: Man and Environment, ed. Uuno Varjo and Wolf Tiertze, Berlin and Stuttgart, 1987). 48 Map 1.2 a: Mumming in Norway (south) prior to 1950: Julebukk (Christmas Goat: male). (Map: Christine Eike.) . 58 Map 1.2 b: Mumming in Norway (north) prior to 1950: Julebukk (Christmas Goat: male). (Map: Christine Eike.) . 59 Map 1.3 a: Mumming in Norway (south) prior to 1950: Julegeit (Christmas Goat: female). (Map: Christine Eike.) . 60 Map 1.3 b: Mumming in Norway (north) prior to 1950: Julegeit (Christmas Goat: female). (Map: Christine Eike.) . 61 Map 1.4 a: Mumming in Norway (south) prior to 1950: Stjernegutter (Star Boys). (Map: Christine Eike.) . 82 Map 1.4 b: Mumming in Norway (north) prior to 1950: Stjernegutter (Star Boys). (Map: Christine Eike.) . 83 Map 1.5: Mumming in Norway (south) prior to 1950: Mock wedding traditions. (Map: Christine Eike.) . 85 Map 1.6 a: Mumming in Norway (south) prior to 1950: Skotring (Wedding watchers) and other wedding disguise traditions. (Map: Christine Eike.) . 100 Map 1.6 b: Mumming in Norway (north) prior to 1950: Skotring (Wedding watchers) and other wedding disguise traditions. (Map: Christine Eike.) . 101 Map 2.1: Sweden (from Norden: Man and Environment, ed. Uuno Varjo and Wolf Tiertze, Berlin and Stuttgart, 1987). 108 Map 2.2: Mumming in Sweden in the twentieth century: A draft map based on information from archive records and a recent questionnaire: Anders (November 30) and Anna (December 9). (Map: Fredrik Skott.) . 117 Map 2.3: Mumming in Sweden in the twentieth century: A draft map based on information from archive records and a recent questionnaire: Lussegubbar (Lusse men) (December 12). (Map: Fredrik Skott.) . 127 Map 2.4: Mumming in Sweden in the twentieth century: A draft map based on information from archive records and a recent questionnaire: Julbockar (Christmas Goats). (Map: Fredrik Skott.) . 131 Map 2.5: Mumming in Sweden in the twentieth century: A draft map based on information from archive records and a recent questionnaire: Trettnegetter (Thirteenth-Day Goats). (Map: Fredrik Skott.) . 139 Map 2.6: Mumming in Sweden in the twentieth century: A draft map based on information from archive records and a recent questionnaire: Mumming on tjugondag (Knut’s Day) and the previous day (January 12–13). (Map: Fredrik Skott.) . 143 Map 2.7: Mumming in Sweden in the twentieth century: A draft map based on information from archive records and a recent questionnaire: Fettisdagen (Shrove Tuesday). (Map: Fredrik Skott.) . 150 Map 2.8: Mumming in Sweden in the twentieth century: A draft map based on information from archive records and a recent questionnaire: Tranutklädsel på Vårfrudagen (Crane dressing on Lady Day). (Map: Fredrik Skott.) . 154 12 Map 2.9: Mumming in Sweden in the twentieth century: A draft map based on information from archive records and a recent questionnaire: Påskkäringar och påskgubbar (Easter witches and Easter men). (Map: Fredrik Skott.) . 159 Map 2.10: Mumming in Sweden in the twentieth century: A draft map based on information from archive records and a recent questionnaire: Valborrar (Valborg men). (Map: Fredrik Skott.) . 165 Map 2.11: Mumming in Sweden in the twentieth century: A draft map based on information from archive records and a recent questionnaire: Fruntimmers- veckan (Ladies’ Week). (Map: Fredrik Skott.) . 176 Map 2.12: Mumming in Sweden in the twentieth century: A draft map based on information from archive records and a recent questionnaire: Knutare vid bröllop (Knut mummers at weddings). (Map: Fredrik Skott.) . 182 Map 3.1: Denmark (from Norden: Man and Environment, ed. Uuno Varjo and Wolf Tiertze, Berlin and Stuttgart, 1987). 190 Map 4.1: Orkney. (Map: Terry Gunnell.) . 276 Map 4.2: Shetland. (Map: Terry Gunnell.) . 277 Map 4.3: The Faroe Islands. (Map: Terry Gunnell.) . 278 Map 4.4: : Iceland (from Norden: Man and Environment, ed. Uuno Varjo and Wolf Tiertze, Berlin and Stuttgart, 1987.) . 279 Map 4.5: Sites where vikivaki dance gatherings are recorded as having taken place in Iceland. (Map: Terry Gunnell.) . 290 Map 4.6: Shetland Mumming Traditions: Names and Time-settings. (Map: Terry Gunnell and Críostóir Mac Cárthaigh.) . 294 Map 5.1: Finland, Karelia and Åland (from Norden: Man and Environment, ed. Uuno Varjo and Wolf Tiertze, Berlin and Stuttgart, 1987. 328 Map 5.2: Mumming in Finland: A Calendar of Ceremonial Tours and Visits. (Map: Urpo Vento.) . 334 Map 5.3: Mumming in Finland: Touring Songs and Plays. (Map: Urpo Vento.) . 335 Map 5.4: Mumming in Finland: Visitor Threats. (Map: Urpo Vento.) . 336 Map 6.1: Map of Estonia. (Map by Tõnno Jonuks.) . 368 Map 6.2: Mumming in Estonia: Andrused (St Andrew’s mumming). (Map: Ülo Tedre.) . 374 Map 6.3: Mumming in Estonia: Lutsid (Lucia mumming). (Map: Ülo Tedre.) . 376 Map 6.4: Mumming in Estonia: Toomased (Thomas mumming). (Map: Ülo Tedre.) . 379 Map 6.5: Mumming in Estonia: Jõulupoisid (Christmas Boys). (Map: Ülo Tedre.) . 385 Map 6.6: Mumming in Estonia: Nääripoisid (New Year Boys). (Map: Ülo Tedre.) . 389 Map 6.7: Mumming in Estonia: Jõulusokk (Christmas Goats). (Map: Ülo Tedre.) . 398 Map 6.8: Mumming in Estonia: Näärisokk (New Year Goats). (Map: Ülo Tedre.) . 402 Map 7.1: Map of Greenland. (Map: Adriënne Heijnen.) . 450 Map 12.1: Distribution of the custom of people dressing up or disguising them- selves as påskkäringar (Easter witches) in Sweden during the nineteenth century. (Map: Fredrik Skott.) . 573 Map 17.1: Midwinter Mumming in Iceland in the twentieth century. (Map: Vilborg Daví∂sdóttir.) . 644 Map 20.1: Distribution of the Knutsgubbar (Knut men) (dot) and Felixgubbar (Felix men) (triangle) in Sweden in the twentieth century. Based on records in Folklivsarkivet, Lund. (Map: Nils-Arvid Bringéus.) . 687 13 Figures Fig. 1.1: A julebukk (Christmas Goat) mask made of black-painted wood, a horse-tail, cow.