CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY PARTNERSHIP A Convenient Guide to Climate Change Policy and Technology Prepared by the Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions and The Center on Global Change, Duke University July 2007 Eric Williams Rich Lotstein Christopher Galik Hallie Knuffman Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions Center on Global Change CCPP 07-02 contributing authors Maura Barr Katie Bolcar David Carlson Allison Carr Brigham Daniels Kevin Dudney Nora Greenglass Morgan Hansen Keith Herrmann Kristin Igusky Raghuram Jandhyala NamHee Kim Katharine Kollins Michael Leff Garrett Martin Ben Moore Carla Rosenfeld Rebecca Ryals Melissa Semcer Bradley Strode Sarah Zaleski acknowldegements The authors would like to thank our founding partner, Duke Energy, for their support and valuable feedback in preparing the Convenient Guide.We would also like to thank our subsequent partners, ConocoPhillips and MeadWestvaco, for their support and engagement on many topics found within the Guide.We thank the many reviewers within Duke University, including Tim Profeta, Rob Jackson, Brian Murray, Lydia Olander, and Bill Schlesinger.We also want to thank Tom Burroughs, Jeff Crawford, Donna Sell and Scottee Cantrell for their tireless work in bringing the Guide to publication. CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY PARTNERSHIP VOLUME 1 TECHNOLOGY Table of Contents VOLUME 1: TECHNOLOGY Introduction . .vI:vi CHAPTER 1: ELECTRiciTY DEMAND . 1 Energy Efficiency . 2. Technologies and Programs . 3. Introduction . 3. Residential . 4. Commercial . 9. Industrial . 14. Cross-Cutting . 19. Barriers to Energy Efficiency . 21. Informational . 21. Institutional . 22. Regulatory . 22. Financial . 23. Split Incentives . 23. Clean Distributed Generation . 24. Residential . 24. Solar PV Modules . 24. Building Integrated PV . 25. Small Wind Systems . .25 Commercial/Industrial . 26. Combined Heat and Power . 26. Conclusion . 28. References . 29. CHAPTER 2: ELECTRiciTY SUPPLY . 35. Existing Fleet . 36. Repowering Coal Plants . 37. Utility Experience . 37. Advanced Repowering Technologies . 40. Conclusion . 41. Biomass Co-Firing at Coal Plants . 42. History . 42. Technology . 43. Plant Impacts . 43. Regulation and Incentives . 47. Conclusion . 48. Increased Maintenance to Optimize Efficiency for All Plants . 49. Background and Theory . .49 Information Sharing . 50. Theoretical Frameworks . 50. Technological Advancements . 51. Plant Retrofit . 53. CO2 RetrofitT echnology . 53. Plant Impacts . 54. Regulation . 55. 1-iv TECHNOLOGY New Technologies . 56. Fossil Fuel Combustion: Pulverized Coal . 57. Technical Overview . 57. Historic Improvements and Key Drivers . 57. Current Best Available Technology . 57. Advanced Near-Term Technology . 60. Supercritical Pulverized Coal . 60. Ultra-Supercritical Pulverized Coal . 63. Advanced Long-Term Technologies . .64 Low Emission Boiler Systems . 64. Indirect Fired Cycles . 64. Fluidized Bed Combustion . 65. Research & Development . 65. Fossil Fuel Combustion: IGCC . 69. Technical Overview . 69. Plant Considerations . 70. Current Status . 71. Research & Development . 75. Challenges of IGCC . 76. Fossil Fuel Combustion: Natural Gas Combined Cycle . 78. Technical Overview . 78. Historic Improvements and Key Drivers . 78. Current Best Available Technology . 78. Research & Development . 80. Fossil Fuel Combustion: Fuel Cells . 81. Technical Overview . 81. Current Technologies . 82. Benefits of Fuel Cells . 86. Major Barriers . 86. Advanced Long-Term Technology . ..