https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] ■1- Environmental themes in French literature and politics of the 1930s by Joanna Marie Drugan Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Glasgow Department of French September, 1999 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. ProQuest Number: 10395129 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a c omplete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a n o te will in d ic a te the d e le tio n . uest ProQ uest 10395129 Published by ProQuest LLO (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. ProQuest LLO. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.Q. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 #' ï I 6 ■f I’Ji. ;î i I I if :-y. ,'il I itmiy^siTrl.JIASOOW , f d -2- Abstract The politicisation of environmentalism (the founding of green parties and permanent national and international campaigning organisations) was quickly followed by an attempt to identify the roots of the movement. In France, this search has had a comparatively narrow focus. That is, the origins of French green politics have generally been identified in either the science of ecology, or events of the late 1960s, when ‘green’ movements began to become more obviously political. This thesis will argue that, as Anglo-Saxon authors have already claimed, the origins of modern environmental politics are in fact more diverse. There is a remarkable degree of shared ground between modern environmental politics and certain points in the history of France, particularly the 1930s. In order to demonstrate the links between the two, the politics, literature and ideas prominent in the 1930s in France will be examined and contrasted to key themes now stressed by green political movements, both in France and elsewhere. -3- Contents Abstract................................................................................ 2 Contents..........................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgements........................................................................... 6 Chapter 1 Introduction...................................... 7 1.1 The roots of modern environmental!sm..........................................................10 1.2 The 1930s in France.......................................................................................... 13 1.3 Sources............................................................................................................... 18 1.4 Approach............................................................................................................24 1.5 Environmental themes..................................... 25 1.6 Problems............................................................................................................27 Chapter 2 Work................ 35 2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................35 2.2 Green criticisms................................................................................................ 36 2.2.1 Work and the environment.................................................................36 2.2.2 Work and the person...................... 40 2.3 1930s criticisms................................................................................................46 2.3.1 Work and the environment.................................................................47 2.3.2 Work and the person............................................................................58 2.4 Green solutions....................................................................................... 71 2.5 1930s solutions................................................................................................. 83 2.6 Conclusion.......................................................................................................102 -4- Chapter 3 Ni droite, ni gauche...»........................................................... 104 3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................104 3.2 Green criticisms of the left-right divide....................................................... 105 3.3 1930s criticisms.............................................................................................. 114 3.4 1930s criticisms of the left-right divide........................................................116 3.5 Green solutions............................................................................................... 148 3.5.1 Green reformism.............................................................. 150 3.5.2 Green revolution................................................................................ 153 3.6 1930s solutions............................................................................................... 156 3.6.1 1930s reformism................................................................................ 159 3.6.2 1930s revolution................................................................................ 163 Chapter 4 W ar......................................................................................................... 169 4.1 Introduction......................................................................................................169 4.2 Green criticisms ......................................................................... 171 4.2.1 War and society.................................................................................. 171 4.2.2 War and the person............................................................................176 4.3 1930s criticisms.............................................................................................. 179 4.3.1 War and society.................................................................................. 180 4.3.2 War and the person............................................................................186 4.4 Green solutions .......................................................................................195 4.5 1930s solutions...............................................................................................207 Chapter 5 The city...................................................................................................228 5.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 228 -5- 5.2 Green criticisms..............................................................................................229 5.2.1 Effects on the environment............................................................. 230 5.2.2 Effects on the person........................................................................236 5.3 1930s criticisms..............................................................................................242 5.3.1 Effects on the environment............................................................. 243 5.3.2 Effects on the person........................................................................ 251 5.4 Green solutions...............................................................................................257 5.5 1930s solutions...............................................................................................265 Conclusion........................................................................ 276 Appendices..................................................... 279 1. List of works consulted...............................................................................279 Bibliography......................................................................................... 292 -6- Acknowledgements Thanlcs to James Steel, Renée Birks and Noël Peacock of the University of Glasgow for their patience, guidance and encouragement; to my family for their support throughout my studies; to colleagues and friends at the Universities of Reading and Leeds for believing I would manage to submit (eventually); and to Jocelyn Dupont, for too many reasons to list. Chapter 1 Introduction Why consider French history, specifically that of the 1930s, in relation to modern green politics*? This introduction will explain the approach taken in the thesis, and some problems it raises. The direct origins of the political ecology