THE DOUBLE BASS IN THE CHINESE SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA AND THE NATIONAL ORCHESTRA by Peng Wang Document Submitted to the Faculty of College of Fine Arts Texas Christian University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Musical Arts In Double Bass Performance Study Texas Christian University May 2021 APPROVAL THE DOUBLE BASS IN THE CHINESE SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA AND THE NATIONAL ORCHESTRA by Peng Wang Document approved: Professor Yuan Xiong Lu Co-char of Committee, Major Professor Dr. Elisabeh Adkins Co-chair of Committee, Document Advisor Dr. William Gibbons Committee Member Dr. Martin Blessinger Committee Member Professor Yvonne Cao Committee Member Date of Defense: Copyright by Peng Wang 2021 Acknowledgement I want to thank God, my grandmother, my parents, my fiancée, and all my friends who, directly or indirectly, have lent their helping hands in this project. Without their constant encouragement and selfless helps, this project would not have completed. First of all, I am very grateful to The Almighty God for establishing me to complete this dissertation. The dissertation is also in memory of my grandmother. I wish to express my sincere thanks to TCU School of Music for providing all the necessary facilities. I also would like to express my sincere thanks to my teacher Professor Yuan Xiong Lu, Professor of Double Bass at TCU, who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project. I am very grateful and indebted to him for his expertise and valuable guidance. I also want to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Adkins, Violin Professor at TCU. I am very appreciative of her valuable guidance and encouragement. I place on record my sincere gratitude to Professor Z, Professor X, Mr. K, Mr. J, and Mr. Q, for accepting interviews in their busy schedules, and I am very grateful for their selfless help. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgment.......................................................................................................iv Table of Contents.......................................................................................................v List of Figures............................................................................................................vi List of Tables..............................................................................................................viii Chapter One: A Short History of Western-Style Orchestras in China with Reference to the Development of the Double Bass..........................................................1 Cultural Exchange Between China and the West in the Qing Dynasty....................... 1 Late Qing Dynasty to the Middle of the Twentieth Century........................................6 Beijing Area................................................................................................................. 7 Hart’s Band............................................................................................................7 Institute of Music Affiliated with Peking University............................................9 Shanghai Area............................................................................................................ 12 Shanghai Municipal Symphony Orchestra..........................................................12 Shanghai School for Poor Children Orchestra.................................................... 19 Northeast China..........................................................................................................21 Harbin Symphony Orchestra............................................................................... 21 Mid-Twentieth Century to the Twenty-First Century................................................ 27 People’s Republic of China to Cultural Revolution’s Eve (1949-1966)............ 27 Beijing Area..................................................................................................28 Shanghai Area...............................................................................................30 Northeast China............................................................................................ 31 Fracture of Sino-Soviet Relations.................................................................32 Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)..................................................................34 Exchange with Foreign Countries since the Reform and Opening Up.........41 Chapter Two: The Double Bass in Chinese National Orchestras..........…....... .….…52 Chinese National Orchestra........................................................................................52 Stage Layout of Chinese National Orchestras............................................................59 Use of the Double Bass in China................................................................................62 The Double Bass in Chinese National Orchestras................................................. 62 Chinese Music for Double Bass.............................................................................64 Teaching Materials and Methods............................................................................... 68 Research and Exploration of Chinese Bass Bow-Stringed Instruments.....................72 Bibliography...................................................................................................................... 78 Appendix A: Glossary......................................................................................................100 Appendix B: Chinese Instruments................................................................................... 102 VITA ABSTARCT v List of Figures 1.1 Lülüzhengyi: eight types of notes duration.................................................................... 3 1.2 Hart’s band.....................................................................................................................9 1.3 The orchestra of the Institute of Music affiliated with the Peking University, 1923...10 1.4 A photo of Mario Paci..................................................................................................13 1.5 Part of the program for the Fourth Special Concert for Young People....................... 16 1.6 Shanghai Municipal Orchestra in 1938........................................................................17 1.7 Photo of the Shanghai School for Poor Children Orchestra, 1911.............................. 21 1.8 Concert program (English), August 23, 1924..............................................................25 1.9 Instruments of the traditional Peking Opera band....................................................... 36 1.10 A portion of the instrument listing for Zhi Qu Wei Hu Shan.....................................37 1.11 List of performers of the Central Orchestra's Japanese Tour.....................................40 1.12 Shanghai Orchestra Academy Audition Repertoire List, April 28, 2016..................47 1.13 Part of repertoire content of the internal-use textbook compiled by Tianrui Zhao... 49 2.1 Seating plan of the Western symphony orchestra........................................................59 2.2 Seating plan of the Chinese national orchestra............................................................60 2.3 Seating arrangement of Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra..............................................60 2.4 Segment of Er Quan Ying Yue.....................................................................................66 2.5 Segment of Yang Guan San Die.................................................................................. 67 2.6 Content of Central Conservatory of Music Double Bass (Amateur) Grading Test Tutorials (Grade I-IX) by Baozheng Wei...................................................................70 2.7 Content of Grading Test Collection of Double Bass (Shanghai Conservatory) by Yimin Tang.................................................................................................................71 vi 2.8 The hexagonal and porcelain bottle-shaped national bass string instruments presented by the Shanghai National Instrument Factory I at the Research and Development of Chinese National Bass String Instruments Conference, 2018....................................74 2.9 Playing of the bass gehu.............................................................................................. 75 vii List of Tables 2.1 Comparison of instrument use of the Western symphony orchestra and Chinese national orchestra....................................................................................................57 2.2 Use of the double bass in Chinese national orchestras in mainland China, Hong Kong and Macao.....................................................................................................76 viii Chapter One: A Short History of Western-Style Orchestras in China with Reference to the Development of the Double Bass Cultural Exchange Between China and the West in the Qing Dynasty The Qing Dynasty1 was the last imperial dynasty of Chinese history, and it was also the second dynasty ruled by ethnic minorities. The early emperors of the Qing Dynasty were keen to learn Western science and culture, and they played a very important role in the cultural exchanges between the East and the West. During the reign of the Kangxi2 Emperor, the cultural, scientific and military exchanges between China and the West were very frequent. Western missionaries came to China to spread Christianity, bringing with them Western musical instruments. In 1652,