Choosing the Nordic Model: Championing Women’s Equality and Human Rights A Global Movement to Abolish Prostitution CORE TEAM Authors Saundra-Lynn Coulter, London Abused Women’s Centre Megan Walker, London Abused Women’s Centre Researchers Saundra-Lynn Coulter Megan Walker Research Interns Lauren Frijia Brigitte Ellis Layout and Design Juliana Dalla Costa Contributors Heather Wharram Mary Jo Winkler-Callighen Editors Elizabeth Sheehy Jeanne Sarson, MEd, BScN, RN, Persons Against Non-State Torture © Copyright March, 2017: London Abused Women’s Centre 797 York Street - Unit 5 Phone: (519) 432-2204 London, Ontario Fax: (519) 679-3918 N5W 6A8 Email: [email protected] ISBN number 978-1-64007-794-2 2 London Abused Women’s Centre Choosing the Nordic Model: Championing Women’s Equality and Human Rights A Global Movement to Abolish Prostitution DEDICATED TO JESSIE FOSTER Trafficked from Alberta to Las Vegas Missing since March 29, 2006 "I hold to my hope that Jessie will come home. I will never let that go. I want Jessie to come home knowing I never gave up on finding her. My love for Jessie fills all my heart and soul. I will find her or die trying." Glendene Grant, Jessie’s Mom If you have information about Jessie or any missing person please call your local police service. 3 London Abused Women’s Centre Choosing the Nordic Model: Championing Women’s Equality and Human Rights A Global Movement to Abolish Prostitution DEFINITIONS Human Trafficking: According to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime [Palermo Protocol], Trafficking in persons’ shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation (United Nations General Assembly, 2000). For the most part, prostitution as actually practised in the world usually does satisfy the elements of trafficking. It is rare that one finds a case in which the path to prostitution and/or a person’s experiences within prostitution do not involve, at the very least, an abuse of power and/or an abuse of vulnerability. Power and vulnerability in this context must be understood to include power disparities based on gender, race, ethnicity and poverty. Put simply, the road to prostitution and life within “the life” is rarely one marked by empowerment or adequate options” (UN Commission on Human Rights 2006: 42). Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs (United Nations General Assembly, 2000). Buyer: Refers to a man, john, punter, or a group of men who buy women or girls for the purpose of sexual exploitation. This can involve group or gang sexualized violence or “gang raping.” They are also responsible for creating the “demand” for the sexual exploitation of women and girls. Trafficker(s): In this paper, a trafficker(s) is also referred to as a pimp, Romeo Pimp, Lover Boy, Gorilla Pimp or Popcorn Pimp and is an individual or organized criminal group that sexually exploit predominately women and girls into prostitution through threats, coercion, use of force or use of a position of vulnerability (United Nations General Assembly, 2000). Child Sexual Exploitation: It is illegal in Canada and most countries around the world to sexually exploit underage persons. All people under age 16 in Canada are underage Prostituted, Trafficked and Sexually Exploited Women and Girls: Note that the majority of prostituted, trafficked and sexually exploited persons are women and girls (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2016: 27). 4 London Abused Women’s Centre Choosing the Nordic Model: Championing Women’s Equality and Human Rights A Global Movement to Abolish Prostitution “Ending prostitution by ending the demand for it is what sex equality under law would look like.1” Catharine MacKinnon, 2006 1 (MacKinnon 2006: 101) 5 London Abused Women’s Centre Choosing the Nordic Model: Championing Women’s Equality and Human Rights A Global Movement to Abolish Prostitution CONTENTS Dedication ……………………………………………………… ……. 3 Definitions ……………………………………………………………… 4 Executive Summary ……………………………………………………… 7 Background ………………………………………………………. 7 The London Abused Women’s Centre’s Choices Program ….. 8 Key Findings of the Three Prevalent Legislative Models ……. 11 Summary of Primary Findings of the Prevalent Models ……… 20 Conclusion ……………………………………………………… 23 Recommendations ……………………………………………… 25 Three Legislative Approaches to Prostitution …………………………. 25 The Nordic Model ………………………………………………. 25 Decriminalization ……………………………………………… 26 Legalization ……………………………………………… 27 Addressing the Red Herrings …………………………………………… 27 Conflating Prostitution with Trafficking ………………………… 27 My Body, My Choice …………………………………………….. 29 Criminalizing Sex Buyers Pushes Prostitution Underground … 30 Responding to Amnesty International and UNAIDS ………………….. 31 Amnesty International …………………………………………………. 31 UNAIDS ………………...................................................... 33 Legislative Outcomes ………………........................................... 34 Child Sexual Exploitation …………........................................... 34 Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation ……………………………... 38 Organized Crime ……………………………………………… 43 The Nordic Model ………………………………………………. 49 Decriminalized Prostitution …………........................................ 56 Legalized Prostitution ……………………………………………. 62 Racism, Colonization and Sexual Exploitation ………………………… 70 Women’s Equality and Human Rights …………………………………. 72 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………. 75 Recommendations ………………………………………………………. 77 References ………………………………………………………………. 78 6 London Abused Women’s Centre Choosing the Nordic Model: Championing Women’s Equality and Human Rights A Global Movement to Abolish Prostitution EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background In January 2015, during the Canadian federal election campaign, the Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act (2014) became an election issue. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau was quoted in the Globe and Mail as telling CTV’s Question Period “on prostitution, we need to make sure we’re basing our decisions on evidence.” Trudeau also said “the Supreme Court has said the framework that existed was not protecting vulnerable people and women from violence and that is the lens we need to look through as we move forward on this difficult issue” (McCarthy 2015). In response to the potential for the Liberal government to re-examine the Act, the London Abused Women’s Centre commenced an evidence-based research project in June 2016 to study the outcomes of three prevalent approaches to prostitution: the Nordic Model, decriminalization and legalization. The goal of the research is to determine the most effective approach to promoting women’s equality and human rights. This research will enable the London Abused Women’s Centre to contribute evidence- based findings and recommendations to future consultations and discussions regarding the Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act. The London Abused Women's Centre (LAWC) is a feminist organization that supports and advocates for personal, social and political change directed at ending men’s violence against women. The agency provides counselling, support and advocacy to women abused by their intimate partners and to prostituted, trafficked and sexually exploited girls and women. In 2015, LAWC partnered with Salvation Army Correctional and Justice Services to develop a specialized program for prostituted and trafficked women and girls, their families, and at risk girls, funded by Justice Canada. The resulting project, Choices: Addressing the Needs of Prostituted and Sex Trafficked Women and Girls [Choices], is meeting its goals. During the first 17 months of the program 490 women, girls and youth, and 57 families were provided with either direct or information services. Almost 200 women and girls self-identified as victims of prostitution or trafficking for sexual exploitation, including six girls under the age of 18, 28 women between the ages of 18 and 24 and two transgendered women. Ninety women and girls attended groups dealing specifically with sexual exploitation. 7 London Abused Women’s Centre Choosing the Nordic Model: Championing Women’s Equality and Human Rights A Global Movement to Abolish Prostitution The London Abused Women’s Centre has worked with prostituted and sexually exploited women and girls since 1998. The agency has learned from comprehensive research and consultation, including listening to the voices of victims and survivors, that the Nordic Model is the most effective approach to promoting women’s equality and human rights. The London Abused Women’s Centre has advocated since 2009 for the Canadian government to adopt legislation that reflects the approach taken in Sweden to decriminalize prostituted persons while criminalizing buyers of women and girls and those who profit from prostitution. On December 6, 2014 the Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act became the law in Canada (S.C. 2014, c. 25).2 The legislation includes a section (s. 213)