THE SERVIAN PEOPLE The oak tree at lakuxo belore llie church to for Here in 11^15, on Palm Sunday, Mih)sh Olirenovich called the Servians arms the final insurrection atrainst the Turks THE SERVIAN PEOPLE THEIR PAST GLORY AND THEIR DESTINY BY , \o. ? /. ^ PRINCE LAZAROVICH-HREBELIANOVICH ••• WITH THE COLLABORATION OF PRINCESS LAZAROVICH-HREBELIANOVICH (ELEANOR CALHOUN) ILLUSTRATED IN TWO VOLUMES VOLUME II NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1910 5n Copyright, 1910, by CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS Published October, 1910 All Rights of Translation Reserved CONTENTS Volume II PART IV—HISTORICAL SURVEY OF THE SERVIAN PEOPLE CHAPTER PAGE XL Medieval Servian States — Kingdoms and Empire 423 Review of the General Situation in the Near Orient up to the Coming of the Turks into Europe 423 1. First Servian States 433 2. Zeta as Early Political Centre of Servian Peo- ple. Servian Kings in Zeta (1077) .... 440 3. Rashka and Zeta. Contest for Supremacy , . 446 — 4. Strong Servian States Greater Rashka and Bosnia. Servian Kings in Rashka .... 449 5. Servian Power Predominant in the Balkans . 471 6. Servian Empire 479 XII. Fight of the Servian People Against the Turks. Full Tide of the Turkish Con- quest 499 Review of the General Situation from the Coming of the Turks—into Europe up to the Consummation of the Con- quest Fight of the Servian People Against the Turks . 499 1. Full Tide of Turkish Conquest. Fall of the Independent Servian States 543 V vi CONTENTS CHAPTEB PAGE 2, The Turks Conquer Hungary and Besiege Vienna 560 3. Re-erection of the Servian Patriarchat as a Compromise Between the Servian People and the Ottoman Empire. Servian Insurrections 564 XIII. Reflux of the Turkish Tide—Servians on the Defensive Against Turkey and Austria . 578 Review of the General Situation as it Affected the Near Orient During the Eighteenth Century 578 Reflux of the Turkish Tide—Servians in Defence Against Turkey and Austria 585 XIV. The Past Hundred Years—Wars of Libera- tion AND Servian Renascence 618 Review of the General Situation Affecting the Near Orient up to the Present Day 618 1. Loyal Serb Rising, 1804-5 629 2. First Wars of Liberation 638 3. Interior Organisation of Newlv Freed Servia . 643 4. War from 1809 to 1813 646 5. The Turks Again Masters of Servia During One Year 663 6. Final Successful Rising. Servia Free . 666 7. Servian People from 1830 to 1859. Servia and Montenegro as Principalities .... 678 8. Young Servian Movement for Unification . 692 9. Servia and Montenegro Sovereign States. Serbo-Montenegrin-Turkish War, 1876-78 . 699 CONTENTS vii PAGE 10. Servian People from 1878 up to the Present Day. Servian Kingdom 707 Conclusion 725 — Appendix Serbo-Turkish Canal . Project . 731 Index 735 ILLUSTRATIONS Volume II THE OAK TREE AT TAKOVO BEFORE THE CHURCH Frontispiece FACING PAGE MONASTERY OF HILENDAR ON MOUNT ATHOS, BUILT BY STEPHAN NEMANYA AND SAINT SAVA 454 LAZARITZA CHURCH AT KRUSHEVATZ, BUILT BY TSAR LAZAR BETWEEN 1360 AND 1370 494 CHURCH AND MONASTERY OF RAVANITZA, BUILT BY TSAR LAZAR BETWEEN 1368 AND 1372 512 MONASTERY OF LYUBOSTINA, BUILT BY TSARINA MILITZA, WIFE OF TSAR LAZAR. HERE HER BODY NOW REPOSES 554 THE EXODUS IN 1689-1690 OF THIRTY THOUSAND SERVIAN FAMILIES FROM SOUTHERN SERVIA, LED BY THE SER- VIAN PATRIARCH, ARSEN TZERNOYEVITCH, INTO SOUTH- ERN HUNGARY, AT THE INVITATION OF THE HAPSBURG EMPEROR, LEOPOLD I 586 BELGRADE FORTRESS 652 A SERVIAN FIELD BATTERY 692 PRINCE MICHAEL STREET, BELGRADE 712 Front Cover, Volume I: Arms of the Old Servian Empire Front Cover, Volume II: Arms as borne since 1371 by the Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich MAPS FACINQ PAGE Servian Kingdom in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries . 480 ] Servian Empire, Fourteenth Century Turkey in Europe from 1526 to 1689 585 The existing Inland Waterways of Central Europe, navigable for boats of 1,000 tons, and the projected Danube-iEgean (Serbo- Turkish) Canal Appendix 734 PART IV HISTORICAL SURVEY OF THE SERVIAN PEOPLE CHAPTER XI MEDIEVAL SERVIAN STATES-KINGDOMS AND EMPIRE the Situation in the Near Orient to the Review of General — up Coming of the Turks into Europe. The Balkan Peninsula was always the point of encounter between Orient and Occident. From the remotest dawn of history up to the present time, events of which the eastern Mediterranean and the Balkan Peninsula have been and are con- influence tinually the scene have always had a vitally determining on the destinies of both East and West. There of old, near the Dardanelles, was the scene of the war of Troy, momentous in its time; there came the Persian armies crossing the Hellespont and the Danube, in defence of Persia's possessions in Asia Minor against the Thracians, which brought about the conflict between Hellas and Persia, the battles of Marathon and Salamis; thence went Alexander the Great carrying victoriously the culture of the Occident to the Orient up to the gates of India. With the anni- hilation of Carthage by Rome and the mastery of the Mediterranean and all its lands the Balkan Peninsula became part of the Roman world. During centuries the "Pax Romana," the result of that universal in Far conquest, developed between the isles of Britain the West and over Trans- China, crossing Europe to the Persian Gulf and India and oxiana a vast intercommerce whose golden treasure poured sooner or — which later along all those roads which led to Rome that old Rome its ex- had its Wall Street, with its corporations, its stock gambling, line of merchan- changes and financial conjuring. The interminable over far took its dise between rising and setting sun, lost horizons, way west across eastward then, as now, by the great land road from the 423 424 THE SERVIAN PEOPLE the Balkan Peninsula and the Bosphorus, and in Asia along the line to-day traced out for the future Bagdad railway; so the commerce of the world still seeks the beaten tracks traced out by nature, and only for a time may be turned from its natural route by political or other artificially created conditions, temporary in essence. Rome and Persia alone were the two great States holding the fiat of the world. They alone had imposed recognition on mankind of their legitimacy and legal international standing. And every State of Me- diaeval Europe based its legitimacy on that of ancient Rome. The conception of the universality of the Roman Catholic Church and its plan of world domination is the persistency of that ancient idea of Roman Universal Empire. The German Empire, the Austrian Empire, the French Empire of Napoleon, all were in their creation the assertion of the Divine Right and continuity of the ancient western Roman Empire; while Russia is the persistency of the eastern Roman Empire, and Turkey was in reality the reincarnation of the old Persian dominion coming to sit on the throne of Byzance. With the halving of the ancient Roman Empire into East and West, and the transference of the Imperial seat from Rome to Constantinople, was created the Near Eastern problem of the Middle Ages. Basing themselves on the principle that the transference of the Roman Emperors from Rome to Byzance meant the abandonment by them of universal Roman rule, the Roman Catholic Popes assumed for themselves the old Roman pretension to world-rule, arrogating supreme power to the Pope as sole legal repository of universal authority, the divinely qualified giver of kingly license, from whom alone "Kingdoms and Empires" should roll "like plates dropped from his pocket." In the promulgation of that pretension the Pope came into conflict with the Roman Emperor at Byzance and the Eastern half of the Christian world, causing the great schism in Christendom, cutting it into the Eastern and the Western Church. As a mighty arm in the attempt to subdue the Byzantine Emperor and force the Eastern Church under Rome, the Pope re-erected the "Holy Roman Empire" with the crowning of Charlemagne in 800, but his creation was a Roman Empire "of Germanic tongue." THE GENERAL SITUATION 425 of The cutting up Charlemagne's Empire by the treaty of Verdun rise to eternal in gave another question European politics, the contest through the ages for the possession of the Rhine.^ But the "Holy Roman Empire of Germanic tongue" did not fulfil of it as the mission expected dominator of Byzance. The Papal pre- tensions of supreme authority came to clash with the very Emperors whom the Popes had created. These contests between Pope and Emperor brought forth in the west the long and bitter wars of Guelfs and Ghibellines. The Pope sought soldiers and allies in his battles against the Emperor in Germany, the Emperor in Byzance, and the Schismatic Church. Such allies were found in the French Anjous, in the Normans, and in the Rulers of Poland, of Bohemia, and of Hungary. With the advent of Mahomet the conquering Arab hordes streamed westward in two armies, one across the north of Africa to Spain and France, the other to Constantinople. The Saracens in the west were driven back from France across the Pyrennees, and afterward from Spain, the tide slowly receding during centuries; those in the east being pressed back from the Bosphorus retreated southward to Syria. With one vast sweep of conquest was created the mighty Saracenic Empire, stretching from Spain across Africa and Asia to the borders of India under the rule of the Khalifs, the successors of Mahomet. The sole great force binding together those vast reaches of peoples was the single flame of conquest. Once those whirlwinds past and spent, their fires burnt out, came dismemberment with the same rapidity, and there was a falling back of the various peoples into the temper of their usual existence.