Wright State University CORE Scholar Browse all Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2016 Chinese Soft Power Promotion in the United States: 2005-2014 Martin Daniel Kalfas Wright State University Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all Part of the International Relations Commons Repository Citation Kalfas, Martin Daniel, "Chinese Soft Power Promotion in the United States: 2005-2014" (2016). Browse all Theses and Dissertations. 1564. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all/1564 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Browse all Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHINESE SOFT POWER PROMOTOTION IN THE UNITED STATES: 2005-2007 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts By MARTIN DANIEL KALFAS B.A., Ohio State University 2011 2016 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL August 15, 2016 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Martin D. Kalfas ENTITLED Chinese Soft Power Promotion in the United State: 2005-2014 BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Arts. ____________________________ Laura M. Luehrmann Ph.D Thesis Director _____________________________ Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. Director, Master of Arts Program in International and Comparative Politics Committee on Final Examination: ___________________________________ Laura Luehrmann, Ph.D. Department of Political Science ___________________________________ R. William Ayres, IV, Ph.D. Department of Political Science ___________________________________ Kathryn B. Meyer, Ph.D. Department of History ______________________________ Robert E. W. Fyffe, Ph.D. Vice President for Research and Dean of the Graduate School ABSTRACT Kalfas, Martin. M.A., Department of Political Science, Wright State University, 2016. Chinese Soft Power Promotion in the United State: 2005-2014. This thesis focuses on two research questions regarding the impact of economic crises on states’ soft power strategies. Specifically, can economic crises lead states to abandon generating soft power within countries affected by the resulting economic changes? And, does a shift away from soft power promotion policies represent a change in a state’s foreign policy strategy? To answer these questions, this thesis utilizes a case study focusing on the People’s Republic of China (PRC) from 2005 to January 1, 2015, investigating soft power generating efforts by China in the United States before and after the 2007 Financial Crisis. Research into Chinese soft power promotion activities in the realms of economics, people-to-people exchanges, and the arts reveals no definitive trends as to whether states abandon soft power promotion strategies in response to economic crises and illustrates what was once considered soft power generating can be later regarded as reducing soft power. iii Table of Contents: Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... vi List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix Chapter One: Introduction ...................................................................................................1 Chinese New Year, New Thesis Focus ............................................................................1 Chinese Soft Power and the Economic Crisis .................................................................4 Research Questions ..........................................................................................................8 Premises ...........................................................................................................................9 Operationalization of Terms ...........................................................................................10 Economic Crisis .....................................................................................................10 Soft Power ..............................................................................................................13 Methodology ..................................................................................................................17 Chapter Outline ..............................................................................................................21 Chapter Two: Hu Jintao 2005-2007 ...................................................................................23 Hu Jintao and Soft Power ..............................................................................................23 Economic Relations ........................................................................................................27 Confucius Institutes ........................................................................................................43 Cultural Performances and Museum Exchanges ...........................................................50 Chapter Three: Hu Jintao 2008-2011 .................................................................................63 Hu Jintao and Inconsistent Signals .................................................................................63 Economic Relations ........................................................................................................67 Confucius Institutes and the High-Level Consultation on People-to-People Exchanges ........................................................................................................................................84 Cultural Performances and Museum Exchanges ............................................................95 Chapter Four: Xi Jinping 2012-2014 ...............................................................................109 A New Leader ..............................................................................................................109 Economic Relations ......................................................................................................112 iv Confucius Institutes and the High-Level Consultation on People-to-People Exchanges ......................................................................................................................................128 Cultural Performances and Museum Exchanges ..........................................................144 Chapter Five: Conclusions ...............................................................................................156 Research Questions ......................................................................................................156 Review of the Data .......................................................................................................157 Economic Relations .............................................................................................157 Confucius Institutes and the High-Level Consultation on People-to-People Exchanges ............................................................................................................160 Cultural Performances and Museum Exchanges ................................................163 Interpretation of Results and Discussion of Soft Power ..............................................167 Possibilities for Future Research ..................................................................................173 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................175 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................178 v List of Abbreviations: AAUP American Association of University Professors ACTFL American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages ACWF All-China Women’s Federation ADIZ Air Defense Identification Zone AQSIQ Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine BIT Bilateral Investment Treaty BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa CAEG China Arts and Entertainment Group CBA Chinese Basketball Association CCC China Compulsory Certification CCP Chinese Communist Party CDPF China Disabled Persons’ Federation CEAIE The China Education Association for International Exchange CLASS Chinese Language Association of Secondary-Elementary Schools CPE High-Level Consultation on People-to-People Exchanges CWU China Women’s University DCPS District of Columbia Public Schools ECP U.S.-China Energy Cooperation Program FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation FTZ Shanghai Free Trade Zone vi GAO U.S. Government Accountability Office GASC General Administration of Sport GPA Government Procurement Agreement Hanban Office of Chinese Language Council International HSK Chinese Proficiency Test IMF International Monetary Fund IMG International Management Group IPR Intellectual Property Rights ISCLT International Society for Chinese Language Teaching ITA Information Technology Agreement JCCT U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade MOFCOM Chinese Ministry of Commerce MOU Memorandum of Understanding NAIS National Association of Independent Schools NBER National Bureau of Economic Research NCPA National