Assemblages of Intervention: Politics, Security, and Drug Trafficking in West Africa Adam Sandor Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a doctoral degree in Political Science School of Political Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ottawa © Adam Sandor, Ottawa, Canada, 2016 Table of Contents Abstract: .................................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. v Accronyms ............................................................................................................................ viii Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 Theorizing connected spaces of intervention .................................................................... 8 Case study justification: Capacity-building in Mali and Niger; AIRCOP; and the Container Control Programme (CCP) ............................................................................ 13 Approach to Data Collection ............................................................................................ 18 Multi-sited Ethnography: looking for practices ............................................................... 19 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................... 25 Chapter Overview .............................................................................................................. 26 Chapter 2: Examining Existing Understandings of the Governance of Borderless Threats .................................................................................................................................... 30 Security Studies and borderless threats .......................................................................... 32 The Copenhagen School’s Securitization Framework .................................................... 34 The Paris School critique of security ............................................................................... 41 Global Governance of Transnational Issues and their Limits ....................................... 46 Liberal accounts of Global Governance .......................................................................... 48 Realist accounts of Global Governance ........................................................................... 50 Constructivist accounts of Global Governance ............................................................... 51 European Security Governance ....................................................................................... 56 Approaches to International Statebuilding Interventions ............................................. 59 The Technical Current: Functional liberalism ................................................................. 60 The Radical Current: the view of Western imposition .................................................... 66 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 73 Chapter 3 – Global Security Assemblages and Fields of Intervention ............................. 75 Assemblages and governance ............................................................................................ 76 Authority and Recognition: field, doxa, and forms of capital ....................................... 85 Practices of Extraversion: Weakness as strength; Local knowledge; and Transnational Gate-keeping ............................................................................................. 95 Discourses of Vulnerability and Willingness .................................................................. 97 Mastery of Insider Knowledge ...................................................................................... 104 Transnational Gatekeeping ............................................................................................ 107 Assemblages of Security Intervention in West Africa .................................................. 113 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 120 Chapter 4 - By Land: Intervention in the Interior Sahelian Belt .................................... 121 The crowded international security field in the Sahelian belt ..................................... 122 Field dynamics of international capacity-building interventions in the Sahel ........... 133 Conflict, resources and rents: Extraverted practices of security by political and security elite in the Sahel ................................................................................................. 146 ii Practices of extraversion amongst Meso-level security actors ..................................... 158 Security tools, technologies: Uses and Abuses ............................................................. 159 International security training: Access to a key material and symbolic resource ......... 171 Extraverted Practices, international capital, and conflicts between security units ... 175 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 183 Chapter 5: By Air – Drug Interdiction at Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport (LSS), Senegal ....................................................................................................................... 185 AIRCOP Project Design .................................................................................................. 187 The (post)colonial field of security in Senegal ............................................................... 192 The structure of Internal Security Services in Francophone African Countries, and their responses to global structural transformations .............................................................. 193 Inter-agency competition and AIRCOP implementation ............................................ 199 Competing practices, and justifications of (non)inclusion in AIRCOP: Authority in the field of law enforcement ................................................................................................ 200 Global opportunities for capacity-building and strategies of selection ...................... 210 Adaptability in selection of diverse patrons in connected fields ................................... 211 Fuelling mutual distrust through AIRCOP governance ................................................ 217 Interdiction efforts and public/private actors at LSS International Airport: Rescaling the governance of drug trafficking ................................................................................. 224 Negotiation, private interests, and structural constraints at LSS ................................... 226 CAAT drug interdiction success: reinforcing governance rescaling and new interdiction practices ......................................................................................................................... 234 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 238 Chapter 6 – Governing Borderless Threats by Sea: Senegal and the Container Control Programme (CCP) ............................................................................................................... 241 The Port Autonome de Dakar (PAD): The heart of Senegal’s liberal economy ........ 245 The UNODC, World Customs Organization (WCO), and the Container Control Programme (CCP) ........................................................................................................... 247 Security rescaling via discipline in the Dakar PCU ...................................................... 249 Disciplinary surveillance and the design of the CCP .................................................... 250 The limits of international discipline: Needing material and symbolic incentives ....... 259 Rescaling governance and dealing with rivalries in Senegal’s field of security ......... 264 Competing structures of authority: State-society relations and their effects on security governance through the CCP ........................................................................... 275 Religious, politico-economic authorities, the PAD, and the PCU ................................. 276 PAD administrators, security, and the work of the PCU ............................................... 281 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 287 Chapter 7: Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 289 Research implications of global assemblages of security intervention? ..................... 291 Global assemblages of security intervention and the internationalization of the West African state? ................................................................................................................... 293 African security agents and the development of a transnational constabulary ethic? ........................................................................................................................................... 299 The consequences