THE MONASTIC PATRONAGE OF KING HENRY II IN ENGLAND, 1154-1189 Amanda M. Martinson A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St. Andrews 2008 Full metadata for this item is available in the St Andrews Digital Research Repository at: https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/470 This item is protected by original copyright This item is licensed under a Creative Commons License The Monastic Patronage of King Henry II in England, 1154-1189 Amanda M Martinson Submitted for the degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 13 July 2007 Abstract The subject of this study is Henry II’s monastic patronage in England 1154-1189. Past studies have examined aspects of Henry II’s patronage but an in-depth survey of Henry’s support of the religious houses throughout his realm has never been completed. This study was therefore undertaken to address modern notions that Henry’s monastic patronage lacked obvious patterns and medieval notions that the motivations behind his patronage were vague. The thesis seeks to illustrate that Henry’s motivations for patronage may not have been driven by piety but rather influenced by a sense of duty and tradition. This hypothesis is supported by examining and analyzing both the chronology and nature of Henry’s patronage. This thesis has integrated three important sources to assess Henry’s patronage: chronicles, charters, and Pipe Rolls. The charters and Pipe Rolls have been organized into two fully searchable databases. The charters form the core of the data and allow for analysis of the recipients of the king’s patronage as well as the extent of his favour. The Pipe Rolls provide extensive evidence of many neglected aspects of Henry’s patronage, enhancing, and sometimes surpassing, the charter data. The sources have allowed an examination of Henry’s patronage through gifts of land and money rents, privileges, pardons and non-payment of debt, confirmations and intervention in disputes. The value, geography and chronology of this patronage is discussed throughout the thesis as well as the different religious orders that benefited and the influences Henry’s predecessors and family had upon the king. Quantitative analysis has been included where possible. ii Henry II was a steady patron throughout his reign and remained cautious with his favour. He maintained many of the benefactions of his predecessors but was not an enthusiastic founder of new monasteries in England. There is no sign that neither the killing of Thomas Becket, nor the approach of Henry’s own death, had a marked effect on his patronage. iii Declarations I, Amanda M. Martinson, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 71,700 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. Date: Signature of Candidate: I was admitted as a research student in September 2003 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in September 2004; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2003 and 2007. Date: Signature of Candidate: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date: Signature of Supervisor: iv Copyright In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. I also understand that the title and abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that my thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use, and that the library has the right to migrate my thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. I have obtained any third- party copyright permissions that may be required in order to allow such access and migration. Date: Signature of Candidate: v Table of Contents Abstract ii Declarations iv Acknowledgements vii Abbreviations viii Chapter 1: Introduction and Sources 1 Chapter 2.1: Gifts of Land 29 Chapter 2.2: Gifts of Money, Churches and Privileges 78 Chapter 3: Pardons and Outstanding Debt 135 Chapter 4: Confirmations 164 Chapter 5: Disputes and Intervention 191 Chapter 6: Conclusion 244 Appendix i 265 Appendix ii 293 Appendix iii 328 Bibliography 348 vi Acknowledgements Particular thanks are due to Professor John Hudson for his unwavering guidance, encouragement and criticisms throughout the life of this thesis. I am also indebted to the editors of the Acta of Henry II Project, Professor J. C. Holt and Dr. N. Vincent, for allowing me access to their archive at Cambridge University. Special thanks go to Dr. Judith Everard who assisted me while I was there and both welcomed me to Cambridge and supplied me with texts of charters that are not easily accessible. I would like to thank all of my friends and family for their support but there are a few who went above and beyond the call of duty. Maïlys Suncic kept me supplied in packages and encouragement throughout the thesis while Ruth Hardy listened to so many of my ideas and allowed me to bore the computer scientist with medieval history. Tatiana Rothschild kept me afloat with funny e- mails. Special thanks are due to Dr. Julie Kerr, a true friend, for her reading of the thesis as well as all her help and encouragement. Nanny, Papa, Grandma and Grandpa, thank you for always checking up on me and letting me know I am loved. Huge thanks must also go to Aunt Ruth, whose financial and emotional support have helped me to get where I am today. Last, but certainly not least, I owe a huge debt of gratitude and love to my parents, Katherine and Terry, and my sister, Becca. This would never have been possible without the three of you supporting and believing in me at every step: thank you. vii Abbreviated References Abingdon Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis, ed. and trans. J. Hudson (2 vols., Oxford, 2002, 2007). Acta of Henry II AHRB-British Academy ‘Acta of the Plantagenets’ Project, ed. J. C. Holt and N. Vincent. Amt, Accession E. Amt, The Accession of Henry II in England: Royal Government Restored 1149-1154 (Woodbridge, 1993). Battle Chronicle The Chronicle of Battle Abbey, ed. and trans. E. Searle (Oxford, 1980). Cartae Antiquae I The Cartae Antiquae: Rolls 1-10, ed. L. Landon (Pipe Roll Society, NS 17, 1939). Cartae Antiquae II The Cartae Antiquae: Rolls 11-20, ed. J. C. Davies (Pipe Roll Society, NS 33, 1960). CChR Calendar of the Charter Rolls, 1226- 1516 (6 vols., London, 1903-27). Chibnall, Matilda M. Chibnall, The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother and Lady of the English (Oxford, 1991). CPR Calendar of Patent Rolls (in progress, 1891-present). Domesday Domesday Book: A Complete Translation, ed. and trans. A. Williams and G. H. Martin (London, 2003). Dialogus Dialogus de Scaccario (attributed to Richard fitz Neal), ed. and trans. C. Johnson (Oxford, 1983). Diceto , Ymagines Ralph of Diceto, Ymagines Historiarum in Opera Historica, ed. W. Stubbs (Rolls Series 68, vol. ii, London, 1876). viii Epistolae Cantuarienses Chronicles and Memorials of the Reign of Richard I, ed. W. Stubbs (Rolls Series 38, vol. ii, London, 1865). EYC Early Yorkshire Charters, vols. i-iii, ed. W. Farrer (Edinburgh, 1914-6); index to vols. i-iii, ed. C. T. and E. M. Clay; vols. iv-xii, ed. C. T. Clay (Yorks. Arch. Soc. Rec. Ser. Extra Ser., 1935 65). Gerald, Kambriae Gerald of Wales, Descriptio Kambriae And Itinerarium Kambriae, ed. J. F. Dimock (Rolls Series 21, vol. vi, London, 1868). Gerald, Principis Gerald of Wales, De Principis Instructione, ed. G. F. Warner (Rolls Series 21, vol. viii, London, 1891). Gervase, Chronica Gervase of Canterbury, Historical Works, ed. W. Stubbs (Rolls Series 73, vol. i, London, 1879). Haughmond Cart. The Cartulary of Haughmond Abbey, ed. U. Rees (Cardiff, 1985). Heads of Religious Houses The Heads of Religious Houses: England and Wales 940-1216, ed. D. Knowles, C. N. L. Brooke, V. C. M. London (Second edn., Cambridge, 2001). Holt, ‘Writs of Henry II’ J. Holt, ‘The Writs of Henry II’, in J. Hudson (ed.), The History of English Law: Centenary Essays on ‘Pollock and Maitland’ (Oxford, 1996), 47-64. Howden, Chronica Roger of Howden, Chronica, ed. W. Stubbs (4 vols., Rolls Series 51, London, 1868-71). Keefe, Assessments T. K. Keefe, Feudal Assessments and the Political Community under Henry II and his Sons, (Los Angeles, 1983). Map, Nugis Walter Map, De Nugis Curialium, ed. M. R. James, rev. C. N. L. Brooke and R. A. B. Mynors (Oxford, 1983). ix Medieval Religious Houses Medieval Religious Houses: England and Wales, ed. D. Knowles and R. N. Hadcock (Second edn., London, 1971). Monastic Order D. Knowles, The Monastic Order in England, (Second edn., Cambridge, 2004). Monasticon Monasticon Anglicanum, ed. W. Dugdale, rev. J. Caley, H. Ellis, B. Bandinel (6 vols. in 8, London, 1817 30). Newburgh, Historia William of Newburgh, Historia Rerum Anglicarum, in Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I, ed. R. Howlett (Rolls Series 82, vol.