NOTES AND REFERENCES Abbreviations AC Annala Connacht: the Annals of Connacht AD 1224-1544, ed. A. M. Freeman (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1944). AFM Annala Riogha chta Eireann: Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland fry the Four Masters, from the Earliest Period to the Year 1616, ed . J ohn O'Donovan, 7 vols (Dublin: Hodges, Smith & Co., 1851) . Ann. Ini sf. The Annals of Inisfallen (MS Ro.wlinson B503), ed . Sean Mac Airt (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1951). ALCe The Annals of Loch Ce: a Chronicle of Irish Affairs, 1014-1590, ed . W. M. Hennessy, 2 vols (London: Rolls Serie s, 1871 ). ATig 'The annals of Tigernach', ed . Whitley Stokes, Revu e Celtiqu e, 16-18 (1895-7) (rep rin ted Lampeter: Llanerch Press, 1994 ). AU Annala Uladh. Annall of Ulster; a Chronicle of Irish Affairs 431-1541 , ed. W. M. Hennessy and Bartholomew MacCarthy, 4 vols (London; Rolls Series, 1887-1901 ); The Annals of Ulster (to AD 1131), ed. Sean Mac Airt and Gear6id Mac Niocaill (Dublin: Dublin In stitute for Advanced Studies, 1983) . Brut Brut y Tywysogyon or the Chronicle of the Princes: Peniarth MS. 20 Version, ed . Thomas Jones (Cardiff: Board of Celtic Studies, 1952) . 182 Notes and References INTR OD UCTI ON 1. Sir John Davies, A Discouerie of the True Causes why Ireland was never entirely Subdu ed, and Brought under the Obedience ofthe Crowne of England, untill the Beginni ng of his Majesties happie Raigne (London: J ohn Jaggard , 1612 ), pp . 116-18. 2. The classic discuss ion of the significance of the Vik ing in cur­ sions is D. A. Bin ch y, 'T he passing of the old order', in Brian 6 CUIV (ed.), The Impact of the Scand inavian Invasions on the Celtic­ speaking Peoples c. 800-1100 AD, Proceedings of the [First] International Congress of Celtic Studies (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies , 1975) , 119-32. 3. For discussion, see Katharine Simms, From Kings to Warlords. The Changing Political Structure of Gaelic Ireland in the Later Middle Ages (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 1987) , chap. 1. 4. Francis John Byrne, 'Sencha s: the nature of Gaelic historical tra­ dition', Historical Studi es, 9 (1974) , 159. 5. See, for example, Eri c St J. Brooks (ed.), Knights' Fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny (Dublin : Irish Manuscripts Commission, 1950) ; H.G. Richardson and G.O. Sayles, The Irish Parliament in the Middle Ages (Philad elphia: Un iver sity of Pennsylvania Pr ess, 1952 ); G. J. Hand, English Law in Ireland, 1290-1324 (Ca m bridge: Cambridge University Pr ess, 1967 ). 6. Aubrey Gwynn, The Medieval Provin ce of Armagh, 1470-1545 (Dundalk: Dundalgan Press, 194 6 ) ; some of Fr Gwynn's more important arti cles have been brought together in the co llectio n The Irish Church in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries (Dublin : Four Courts Press, 1993). J ohn A. Watt has produced two mono­ graphs devoted to ec cles iastical affairs, The Church and the Two Na tions in Medieval Ireland (Ca mbridge: Cambridge Un iversity Press, 1970) , and The Church in Medieval Ireland (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1972) . 7. See Art Cosgrove, Late Medieval Ireland , 1370-1541 (Dublin: Helicon, 1981 ) a nd, for ex ample, Steven G. Ellis , Reform and Revival: English Government in Ireland, 1470-1534 (London: Boydell & Brewer, 1984) ; idem, Tudor Ireland : Crown, Community and the Confl ict of Cultures, 1470-1603 (London: Longman, 1985) ; idem, Tudor Fronti ers and Noble Power. The Making of the British State (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995) . 183 Notes and References DWELLERS AT TilE EARTH'S EDGE 1. The phrase is St Columbanus's, from his letter to Pope Boniface IV, written at Milan in AD 613: see G. S. M. Walker, Sancti Columbani opera (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1957), p. 38. 2. Giraldus Cambrensis, The History and Topography of Ireland, ed. ].]. O'Meara (Mountrath: Dolmen Press, 1982). 3. For Gerald, see especially Robert Bartlett, Gerald of Wales, 1146-i223 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982) . 4. Bede, A History of the English Church and People, trans. Leo Sherley-Price (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, revised edn., 1968), p. 136. 5.]. P. Mahaffy, 'Two early tours in Ireland', Hermathena, 40 (1914),1-16. 6. G. G. Meersseman, 'Two unknown confraternity letters of St Bernard', Citeau in de Nederlanden, Achel et Westmalle, 6 (1955), 173-8; Jean Leclercq, 'Deux epitres de St Bernard et de son secretaire', in Jean Leclercq (ed.), Recueil d'Etudes sur Saint Bernard et ses Ecrits, ii (Rome: Editiones Cistercienses, 1966), 313-18. 7. James F. Kenney, The Sources for the Early History of Ireland: Ecclesiastical (New York: Octagon Books, 1966 reprint), p . 582. 8. See D. A. Binchy, 'An archaic legal poem', Celtica, 9 (1971), 152-68. 9. Frank Mitchell, The Shell Guide to Reading the Irish Landscape (Dublin: Country House, 1986), pp. 117-21. 10. For this, see Charles Doherty, 'The monastic town in Ireland', in H. B. Clarke and Anngret Simms (eds.), The Comparative History of Urban Origins in Non-Roman Europe (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series, CCLV, 1985), pp.55-63. 11. See Nancy Edwards, The Archaeology of Early Medieval Ireland (London: Batsford, 1990), chaps 1, 2. 12. See A. T. Lucas, Cattle in Ancient ireland (Kilkenny: Boethius Press, 1989). 13. See Kathleen Ryan, 'Holes and flaws in medieval Irish manu­ scripts', Peritia, 7-8 (1987-8),243-64. 14. See Michael V. Duignan, 'Irish agriculture in early historic times', Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 74 (1944),128-45;].]. O'Loan, 'A history of early Irish farming', Eire, Department of Agriculture Journal, 60 (1963), 178-219; 61 (1964),242-84; 62 (1965),131-97. 184 Notes and References 15. A. T. Lucas, 'The horizontal mill in Ireland', Journal ofthe Royal Society ofAntiquaries ofIreland, 83 (1953), 1-36. 16. See A. T . Lucas, 'Irish food before the potato', in Gwerin, 3 (1960) ,8-43. 17. Kenneth Jackson, The Oldest Irish Tradition : a Window on the Iron Age, The Rede Lecture (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1964). 18. See, for example, Liam Breatnach, 'Canon law and secular law in early Ireland: the significance of Bretha Nemed, Peritia, 3 (1984),439-59;D. 6 Corrain, L. Breatnach, A. Breen, 'The laws of the Irish', ibid., 382-438; Donnchadh 6 Corrain, 'Irish ver­ nacular law and the Old Testament', in P. Ni Chathain and M. Richter (eds.), Irland und die Christenheit/Ireland and Christendom (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1987) , pp. 284-307; Kim McCone, Pagan Past and Christian Present in Early Irish Society (Maynooth: An Sagart, 1990) , pp. 84-106. 19. Fergus Kelly, A Guide to Early Irish Law (Dublin: Dublin Ins titute for Advanced Studies, 1988), pp . 19,27. 20. See Donncha 6 Corrain, Ireland before the Normans (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1972) , pp. 28-32. 21. Kelly, Guide to Early Irish Law, p . 18, note 10; Liam Breatnach, 'Varia VI, no. 3: Ardri as an old compound', Eriu, 37 (1986), 192-3. 22. See Donnchadh 6 Corrain, 'Nationality and kingship in pre­ Norman Ireland', in T. W. Moody (ed.), Nationality and the Pursuit of National Independen ce, Historical Studies 11 (Belfast; Appletree Press , 1978), pp. 9-10. 23. On the institution of kingship in early Irish society, see the text known as Audacht Morainn, ed. Fergus Kelly (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1976) . 24. Giraldus Cambrensis, The History and Topography of Ireland, p.110. 25. Daniel Binchy (ed.), Crith Gablach (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1941), para. 38. 26. See, for example, Mairin Ni Dhonnchadha, 'The guarantor list of Cdin Adomndin, 697', Peritia, I (1982), 178-215. 27. ATig, AFM, s.a. 1166. 28. Ann. Inisf., s.a. 1040 , 1050, 1068 . See 6 Corrain, 'Nationality and kingship', pp. 22-3. 29. The fullest discussion is F. J. Byrne, Irish Kings and High-kings (London: Batsford, 1973) . 30. G. H. Orpen, Ireland under the Normans, I (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1911), p. 39. 185 Notes and References 31. Kelly, Guide to Early Irish Law, p. 27. 32. Kelly, Guide to Early Irish Law, p. 30. 33. Gear6id Mac Niocaill, 'The origins of the betagh', The Irish Jurist, 1 (1966),292-8. 34. The definitive study of the subject is now Thomas Charles­ Edwards, Early Irish and Welsh Kinship (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993). 35. See Donnchadh 6 Corrain, ' Marriage in early Ireland' in Art Cosgrove (ed.), Marriage in Ireland (Dublin: College Press, 1985), pp.5-24. 36. For discussion of the subject, see Donnchadh 6 Corrain, 'Women in early Irish society', in Margaret Mac Curtain and Donnchadh 6 Corrain (eds.) , Women in Irish Society: the Historical Dimension (Dublin: Women's Press, 1978) , pp. 1-13; and now idem, 'Women and the law in early Ireland', in Mary O'Dowd and Sabine Wichert, Chattel, Servant or Citizen. Women's Status in Church, State and Society, H istorical Studies XIX (Belfast: Institute ofIrish Studies, 1995) , 45-57. 37. Kuno Meyer (ed.), The Triads of Ireland, Todd Lecture Series XIII (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1906) . 38. Kelly, Guide to Early Irish Law, pp. 68-9. 39. D. A. Binchy, 'Bretha Crolige, Eriu, 12 (1938) , 44. 40. Helen Clover and Margaret Gibson (eds.), The Letters ofLanfranc Archbishop ofCanterbury (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), no. 10. 41. I have used the translation in John Watt, The Church in Medieval Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1972) , p . 7. 42. See Aubrey Gwynn , 'Th e first synod of Cashel', Irish Ecclesiastical Record, 5th ser., 66 (1945) ,81-92; 67 (1946),109-22. 43. H. J. Lawlor (ed.), St Bernard of Clairvaux's Life of St Malachy of Armagh (London: SCPK, 1920), p. 37.