TUESDAY, APRIL 1, 2014 2014 ANNUAL RESEARCH DAY TUESDAY, APRIL 1, 2014 MARVIN CENTER 800 21ST STREET, NW, 3RD FLOOR 8:30–10:00 a.m. Registration and Breakfast (Grand and Continental Ballrooms) 8:30–10:00 a.m. Posters Setup (Grand and Continental Ballrooms) 9:00 a.m.–3:00 p.m Research Days Vendor Showcase (Grand and Continental Ballrooms) http://research.gwu.edu/research-days-vendor-showcase-2014 10:00 a.m.–1:00 p.m. Poster Presentations and Judging (Grand and Continental Ballrooms) 1:00–2:30 p.m. Poster Removal (Grand and Continental Ballrooms) 1:00–2:30 p.m. Go Team! Writing and Publishing in Collaborative Science (Marvin Center 405) 2:00–3:00 p.m. DC I-Corps Information Session (Marvin Center 301) RESEARCH DAYS 2014 WEBSITE ONLINE - HTTP://RESEARCH.GWU.EDU/RESEARCH-DAYS-2014 6:00–6:15 p.m. Award Ceremony Dr. Steven Lerman, PhD Dr. Leo Chalupa, PhD Provost and Executive Vice Vice President for Research President for Academic Affairs TABLE OF CONTENTS Business Humanities Page 4 Pages 31 Education International Affairs Page 9 Page 49 Engineering Natural Sciences Page 13 Page 58 Health Sciences Social Sciences Page 26 Pages 121 BUSINESS SCHOOL OF BUSINESS STATUS Student - Post-doc Small- To Medium-Size Biotech Firms’ Marketing Efforts During the Fuzzy Front End of Innovation AUTHORS Mary G. Schoonmaker The purpose of this study is to understand the extent to which the type Pradeep Rau and extent of marketing efforts help with the continuation of early-stage innovations. The locus between the phases of Research and Development and New Product Development is defined as the Fuzzy Front End of FACULTY ADVISOR/DEPARTMENT CHAIR Innovation. Frequently called the “Valley of Death,” this early-stage of Pradeep Rau innovation is typified by high risks and scarcity of project resources. The challenge for a firm as it develops an early-stage innovation is securing adequate financial, human, and physical project resources. For this study, early-stage innovations are represented by the U.S. National Institutes of Health licenses accorded to small- to medium-size firms. The study develops firm profiles that describe combinations of marketing efforts that enable innovation continuation during the Fuzzy Front End of Innovation. Profiles are evident in terms of marketing variables, firm attributes, and project resources. These profiles vary for type of firm and also by the stage in the firm’s life cycle. The contributions of this study are to: 1.) Develop combinations of variables and profiles for describing predicting early-stage innovation continuation, 2.) Provide pragmatic information to potential stakeholders about how to identify and foster early-stage innovations, and 3.) Help small- to medium-size firms understand how to position and promote themselves in order to obtain resources and advance early-stage innovations. 4 BUSINESS SCHOOL OF BUSINESS STATUS Undergraduate Student Evolution or Revolution? The Price Revolution of the Sixteenth Century AUTHOR Lauren Rosalanko BACKGROUND Beginning around 1500 AD, prices in Western Europe began to rise. By FACULTY ADVISOR/DEPARTMENT CHAIR 1650, prices were 6 to 10 times higher. This has been called the “price Arthur Wilson revolution of the sixteenth century”. Initially, the dominant form of money was silver coins. Commodity money is not usually associated with sustained inflation. Why did this happen? CONTRIBUTORS Lauren Rosalanko BY 1500 AD, Banking in Europe had been dominated by Italians for A student in the School of Business, centuries.After 1500, Germans and Northwest Europeans came to be at concentrating in Finance. least as prominent. Why did Italian dominance give way? These phenomena have not been linked in the literature. The price Arthur Wilson revolution and the rise of non-Italians have been extensively studied, but Associate Professor in the School of without producing a compelling story. Business, in the Department of Finance. OBJECTIVE Tom Guerts We will reexamine these phenomena using the conceptual tools of modern Assistant Professor in the School finance and historical research. of Business, in the Department of METHODS Finance. Begin with the literature. To our thinking, the puzzles remain unsolved. Recall the quantity equation from economics. Briefly: MV = PQ, where “M” = money, “V” = velocity, “P” = prices, and “Q” = output of goods and services. Past researchers have focused on changing money supply. Our hypothesis is that there were also important changes in the nature of money. RESULTS Initially we thought the change was in the nature of banking - more secure and therefore increased deposits. Now we suspect that the change was in how deposits are used - if deposits become more secure even as coins are subject to inflation and devaluation, depositors will prefer to transfer deposits rather than coins when transacting. Here, in Northern Europe, a medieval innovation, “Bills of Exchange”, is increasingly made to support wholesale trade more generally. The increased sophistication of bills of exchange and resulting increasing velocity could explain both the price revolution, and the dominance of Northern Europeans. CONCLUSION Changes in European Banking were gradual, but over time, culminated in revolutionary changes in finance, and the economy. 5 BUSINESS SCHOOL OF BUSINESS STATUS Undergraduate Student Chinese Financial History: Where were the Banks? AUTHORS Arthur J. Wilson BACKGROUND Jiawen Yang Chinese financial history differs from western financial history. On the one Kyung Whoangbo hand, Chinese monetary doctrine may have been more advanced before the modern era. Chinese governments often took responsibility for regulating FACULTY ADVISOR/DEPARTMENT CHAIR the means of trade, and could issue coin fiat money 2000 years ago, and paper money almost 1000 years ago, whereas many European governments Arthur J. Wilson could not be trusted to not debase their coins, hence the reliance on commodity money (silver, gold). By the 17th century, the roles were reversed. After a series of inflationary episodes, the Chinese distrusted fiat money, and silver had become the principal form of money. Meanwhile, western financial institutions developed to where consumers and merchants could rely less on commodity money, and more on bank money. Banks would eventually facilitate sustained economic growth. Bank development was clearly important. So where were the Chinese banks? Some historians have suggested that China did not have banks before the late 18th century, when western models were imported. To our ears, that’s incredible. It is well documented that early Chinese technology was centuries more advanced than western technology across a broad range of industries. Why not banks? OBJECTIVE We will reexamine Chinese history, using the conceptual tools of modern finance and historical research, in search of evidence of bank development, or of why it did not happen. METHODS We will scan the historical literature to look for more evidence of financial activity or intermediation. We will closely examine the circumstances to see whether and why they did or did not evolve into something that looks like a bank. RESULTS We’ve already found some reports of financial activity, and financial intermediation. Why didn’t the entities involved become banks? To be determined. CONCLUSION Either bank development in China was restrained by unknown circumstances, or overlooked by previous general historians. To be determined. 6 BUSINESS SCHOOL OF BUSINESS STATUS Undergraduate Student Understanding the Challenges Facing Mary Kay® Cosmetics AUTHOR Sevara Mallyn Our report explores the challenges Mary Kay® cosmetics faces in attracting Hunter Pritchard female millennial consumers aged 18-25 and encouraging them to become Lynda Maddox Independent Beauty Consultant (IBCs). We study the beauty industry, competitor brands, young millennials, Mary Kay®’s direct selling model, and current trends. Using online and in-person focus groups, dozens of in-depth FACULTY ADVISOR/DEPARTMENT CHAIR interviews, and a nationwide survey, we are able to develop a national, Lynda Maddox fully-integrated marketing campaign to implement from February 2015 to February 2016. Our objective is to use our extensive secondary and primary research to build a strategic $10 million proposal that will leverage the Mary Kay® brand, history, and values. To date, we have completed 3 focus groups, 25 in-depth interviews, and extensively analyzed hundreds of articles and research studies. We have identified the specific target markets that will lead to the highest return for the company and we will specify how to reach them most effectively through traditional, digital, and social media tactics. Our end goal is to increase awareness, positive perception, consideration for product purchase, and most importantly sales of Mary Kay® products. 7 BUSINESS SCHOOL OF BUSINESS STATUS Undergraduate Student Translating Global Corporate Social Responsibility: Pursuing a unified conception amongst political, AUTHOR economic and ethical inequalities Samuel Clements The paper considers the current CSR activities in the U.S. and considers how FACULTY ADVISOR/DEPARTMENT CHAIR applicable they are to adoption in China, and specifically, Chinese state- owned enterprises. First, I will make a survey of current CSR practices and John Forrer identify the rationale behind the expectation that they will have a positive impact on society and stakeholders. As part of the assessment, I consider what roles and expectations for business are implicit (and explicit) – what