University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies Legacy Theses 2001 Public-private partnerships in urban regeneration: the case of the London Docklands Beswick, Carol-Ann Beswick, C. (2001). Public-private partnerships in urban regeneration: the case of the London Docklands (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/20714 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/39279 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. 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Please contact the University of Calgary Archives for further information, E-mail: [email protected] Telephone: (403) 220-7271 Website: http://www.ucalgary.ca/archives/ The University of Calgary Public-Private Partnerships In Urban Regeneration: The Case of London Docklands By Carol-Ann Beswick A Master's Degree Project Submitted to the Faculty of Environmental Design in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Environmental Design (Planning) Faculty of Environmental Design Calgary. Alberta December 2001 © Carol-Ann Beswick 2001 Abstract Public-Private Partnerships in Urban Regeneration: The Case of London Docklands Carol-Ann Beswick Supervisor: Sasha Tsenkova Prepared in partial fulfdment of requirements of the MEDes (Planning) Degree in the Faculty of Environmental Design, The University of Calgary. Urban regeneration is a comprehensive and integrated vision and a set of actions, which address urban problems through a lasting improvement in the economic, social, physical and environmental conditions of an area. Urban regeneration responds to challenges driven by the economic transition from industrial to post-industrial societies and the resulting deterioration of the urban fabric social exclusion and marginalisation. Inclusive partnerships for the delivery of urban regeneration programmes ensure the participation of the public, private, voluntary, and community sectors, and accomplish sustainable results. This Master's Degree Project draws on experiences with planning and delivery of regeneration schemes through different forms of public-private partnerships in London, England. A critical analysis of the evolution of urban policies, since the 1950's, places regeneration strategies in the context of changes in political regimes, and urban governance. Urban regeneration has shifted from a purely physical and economic approach to a comprehensive one, with the inclusion of social and environmental regeneration delivered by inclusive partnerships and 'bottom-up' regeneration directed by national, regional and local policies. The emphasis of this project is on determining the key ingredients of a successful partnership utilised in the planning and delivery of regeneration schemes in the London Docklands. Canada can learn from these experiences and aim for jurisdictional integration, organisational responsiveness, need for municipal leadership, and inclusive partnerships to deliver comprehensive urban regeneration in Canadian cities. Keywords: public-private partnerships, urban regeneration, London Docklands, England, comprehensive, inclusive, post-industrial, urban decline, deprivation, inner city problem, regeneration policy, public, private, voluntary, community, stakeholders. ii Acknowledgements Many individuals have assisted me in this Master's Degree Project. First, I would like to thank Dr. Sasha Tsenkova for her constant supervisory role and generosity of time in this project. 1 am particularly appreciative of her thorough editorial comments and constructive substantive advice, which have assisted me greatly in shaping this project to fruition. I am also very grateful to Dr. Sasha Tsenkova for organising the UK field study trip, from which I gained the most insightful information regarding the London Docklands. Not to mention the most amazing experience I had with the study team in the UK. 'Mind the Gap-! My gratitude goes out to the planners and professionals who willingly participated in the production of a video for the UK trip and my MDP. I also owe thanks to Dr. Harry Hiller and the Faculty of Environmental Design for their support. Deepest thanks are extended to my family for their unconditional love and encouragement throughout my University career and especially during the creation of this MDP. Finally, I would like to send special thanks to my friends who have continually supported me with numerous cups of coffee, weekend outings and late night chats - you are the best. iii Table of Contents Abstract H Acknowledgements Hi Chapter 1 - Background and Methodology 1 1.1 Definition of the Inner City Problem: Inner City Decline 1 1.2 Nature of the Inner City Problem 2 1.3 The Policy Response 3 1.4 Direction of the Research 6 1.5 Methodology 7 1.6 Organisation of the MDP 12 Chapter 2 - Historical Review of Urban Regeneration Policy and Currents in the UK up to the 1980s 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Contextual Influences and the Policy Environment 15 2.3 Reconstruction - Urban Policy of the 1950s 15 2.4 Revitalisation - Urban Policy of the 1960s 17 2.5 Renewal - Urban Policy of the 1970s 22 2.6 Emerging Partnerships 23 2.7 Redevelopment - Urban Policy of the 1980s 25 2.8 Conclusion 34 Chapter 3 - Urban Regeneration Policy and Currents in the UK - 1990s to Present 36 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Regeneration - Urban Policy of the 1990s 37 3.3 Restructuring - Urban Policy of the 2000s 51 3.4 Conclusion 58 Chapter 4 - Institutional Framework - Institutions and Actors Involved 60 4.1 Introduction 60 4.2 The Policy Approach 61 4.3 The Regeneration Approach 61 4.4 Institutional Framework - Institutions and Actors Involved 63 4.5 Research Organisations 72 iv 4.6 Interest Groups and Organisations 72 4.7 Other Influential Actors 74 4.8 Conclusion 76 Chapter 5 - Public Private Partnerships 78 5.1 Introduction 78 5.2 Urban Regeneration Process 78 5.3 Partnerships 84 5.4 The Urban Regeneration Partnership Model of Operation 85 5.5 Challenges and Opportunities of Partnerships 94 5.6 The Partners 95 5.7 The Levels of Partnership 99 5.8 The Organisational Structure of Partnerships 100 5.9 Partnership Models 101 5.10 A System for Monitoring and Evaluation 104 5.11 Examples of Public Private Partnerships 108 5.12 Conclusion 114 Chapter 6 - The Experience of London 118 6.1 Introduction 118 6.2 Urban Context 118 6.3 Agencies and Institutions Involved 124 6.4 The Regeneration Nodes 126 6.5 Regeneration Initiatives and Strategies 130 6.6 Regeneration Nodes - Delivering Results 134 6.6.1 The Isle of Dogs 134 6.6.2 The Royal Docks 147 6.6.3 Butler's Wharf. 150 6.6.4 Paddington Basin 155 6.7 The Impacts: Summary of Key Findings 159 6.8 Conclusion 164 Chapter 7 - Recommendations and Conclusions 165 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 What Are the Lessons Learned? 166 7.3 Lessons Learned for the Canadian Context 180 7.4 Conclusion 184 References 186 v Appendix A - Characteristics Associated with the Inner City Problem 196 Appendix B - Urban Regeneration Interview Protocol 197 Appendix C - List of Urban Regeneration Interviewees 198 Appendix D - List of Relevant Policies Geared to Urban Regeneration 199 Appendix E - List of Planning Policy Guidance Notes (PPGs) 201 Appendix F - Table of Types of Partnerships Operating in the UK 202 Appendix G - List of Regional Planning Guidance Notes (PPGs) 203 Appendix H - A List of Organisations in the Docklands 204 Appendix I - SWOT Analysis of the London Docklands for 1979 205 Appendix J - SWOT Analysis of the London Docklands for 2000 207 vi List of Tables and Figures Figure 1.1 Map of London, England and the Location of the Regions: Source: DETR Website (2000) 9 Figure 1.2 Map of the London Docklands: Source: DETR Website (2000) 10 Figure 1.3 The London Docklands early 20th Century: Source: Royal Docks Trust Website (2000) 11 Table 2.1 The Evolution of Urban Regeneration in the UK: Source: Roberts and Sykes(1999) 14 Figure 2.1 The West India Docks, London 1982: Source: Royal Docks Trust Website (2000) 19 Figure 2.2 The London Docklands, late 1970's: Source Royal Docks Trust Website (2000) 24 Figure 2.3 Margaret Thatcher, Paul Reichmann and others at Canary Wharf: Source Brownill(1990) 26 Figure 2.4 Salford Keys, Manchester: Source: K.E. Rendek (2000) 32 Table 3.1 The Funds Available through the Single Regeneration Budget (SRB)....42 Figure 4.1 Stakeholder Map: Source: C.A. Beswick (2001) 64 Figure 5.1 The Urban Regeneration Process: Source: adapted from Beswick (2001), Roberts and Sykes (1999. 20). and Tsenkova (2001) 80 Figure 5.2 Partnership Model: Source: C.A Beswick (2000) 86 Figure 5.3 Jackson's Wharf, Brighton, an urban regeneration area: Source: J.M. Ness (2000) 109 Figure 5.4 The newly regenerated waterfront of down town Leeds: Source: J.M.