A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC WORD FORMATION A THESIS BY JOKO SETIAWAN REG. NO. 140705174 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I, JOKO SETIAWAN DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION. Signed : Date : July 23, 2018 v UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION NAME : JOKO SETIAWAN TITLE OF THESIS : A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC WORD FORMATION QUALIFICATION : S-1/ SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA. Signed: Date : July 23, 2018 vi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Bismillahirrahmanirrahim, First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin as the deepest gratitude to Allah SWT, for his blessings and mercies, so that I could be able to finish this research. Shalawat and Salam to the prophet Muhammad SAW who has brought the humans life from the darkness to the brightness. My deepest appreciation goes to my family, especially my beloved mom Fitria and my beloved father Paiman, for the endless love, pray, support, to my beloved younger brother Gunawan, Ihsan and my beloved sisters Sakinah, Malika, Ayuni, and Nia who never stop asking about my thesis, to finish my thesis as soon as possible and always remind me to study hard to be successful. I would like to express my sincere gratitude and the deepest thanks to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. and my co-supervisor Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. for their great knowledge, kindness, advices, patience, corrections to revise during the process of writing this research. My gratitude also goes to the Head and the Sectretary of English Department, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. and all the lecturers of Department of English for all facilities, opportunities, and advices during my academic years. I would like to give much appreciation to Mr. Sukirno (Bang Kibot) as the administrator of English Department who has helped me. vii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA I am very grateful to have some best friends who always support me. The gratitude goes to my best motivator, inspirator and ‘provocateur’ Dwi Indra Sukma (Bang Kiteng or Azaiy or Camad and all of his nick name), Witri, my friend who is more like a sister, Roni H. Ramadhan who is more like a brother and my best friend who is more like my ‘operator’ Indra Arikami Sembiring and also Tania Nurcahya Selian, thank you so much for being such a good friends that always there for me. I am really grateful to have them in my life. My special thanks to all of English Literature students especially for students of class C and members of BTM Al-Ilmi FIB who always support me during the process of writing this research. Thank you for all the support you have shown me, especially during the college process. My gratitude to all my friends in English Literature who have been lent a hand to complete this research, thank you so much for all your kindness. Last but not least, for all of my friends and people who know me. I am really sorry because can’t be mentioned here one by one. Finally, I would like to thank to everybody who is important to the successful of this research. This research is far from perfect, but it is expected that will be useful for all the readers. Therefore, the constructive thoughtfull suggestions and criticsm are welcomed. Medan, July 23, 2018 Joko Setiawan Reg. No. 140705174 viii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT Contrastive analysis is needed in learning two different languages. Based on the reason the thesis entitled A Contrastive Analysis between English and Arabic Word Formation is made to compare the pattern of word formation in both languages. By applying qualitative method, the analysis is done in detail. Data display in the tables is supplemented by the explanation supported by related theory. After Analyzing both languages, it is found out that there is correspondence namely the use of affixation as the main facility. In addition, both languages experience the conjugation and declination and also have productive affixes. The non-correspondence is English affixes is more than Arabic Affixes which has only ten flexible affixes called transfix (Hurūfu Ziyādah). Affixation in Arabic is always followed by internal modification while English is not. Both languages use different terms of morphology such as syntagmatic-paradigmatic and tashrif lughawi-ishtilahi to show inflectional and derivational morphology. English has no standard pattern which occurs consistently while Arabic has standard pattern indicated the classification of verb called wazan. And eventually, this research is aimed at learning advantages in order to make teachers and students easily to understand the morphology of both languages. Key words: contrastive analysis, derivation, inflection, morphology, pattern ix UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK Analisis kontrastif sangat dibutuhkan dalam mempelajari dua bahasa yang berbeda. Atas dasar itu pula skripsi yang berjudul Perbandingan Pembentukan Kata pada Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Arab ini dibuat untuk membandingkan proses morfologi kedua bahasa. Dengan mengaplikasikan metode kualitatif, analisis data dilakukan secara detail. Penyajian data pada table-tabel dilengkapi dengan penjelasan yang didukung oleh teori terkait. Setelah kedua bahasa dianalisa, ditemukan bahwa kedua bahasa memiliki persamaan yaitu penggunaan afiksasi sebagai sarana utama. Selain itu kedua bahasa mengalami perubahan konjugasi dan deklinasi serta memiliki afiks produktif. Perbedaannya, afiks pada bahasa Inggris jumlahnya lebih banyak dari pada bahasa arab yang hanya memiliki sepuluh afiks fleksibel yang disebut transfiks (Hurūfu Ziyādah). Afiksasi pada bahasa Arab selalu diikuti modifikasi internal sedangkan bahasa Inggris tidak. Kedua bahasa menggunakan istilah morfologi yang berbeda seperti sintagmatik-paradigmatik dan tashrif lughawi-ishtilahi untuk menunjukan morfologi infleksi dan derivasi. Pembentukan kata pada bahasa Inggris tidak memiliki pola baku yang terjadi secara konsisten sedangkan bahasa Arab memiliki pola baku yang ditandai oleh klasifikasi kata karja yang disebut wazan. Adapun tujuan akhir dari penelitian ini adalah untuk pembelajaran dan pengajaran bagi guru dan murid khususnya dalam mempelajari morfologi pada bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Arab. Kata kunci: analisis kontrastif, derivasi, infleksi, morfologi, pola. x UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENT AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ........................................................................... v COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ....................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................. vii ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... ix ABSTAK .............................................................................................................. x TABLE OF CONTENT ..................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLE................................................................................................. xiv LIST OF SYMBOL ............................................................................................. xv ARABIC TRANSLITERATION INTO ROMANS ........................................ xvi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ............................................................ 1 1.2 Problem of the Study .................................................................. 3 1.3 Objective of the Study ................................................................ 3 1.4 Scope of the Study ...................................................................... 3 1.5 Significance of the Study ........................................................... 4 1.5.1 Theoretical Significance .......................................................... 4 1.5.2 Practical Significance .............................................................. 4 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 A Brief Description of Contrastive Analysis .......................... 5 2.2 Language and Characteristics of Language ............................ 6 2.3 A Brief History of English ...................................................... 7 2.3.1 Old English ........................................................................... 7 2.3.2 Middle English ..................................................................... 7 2.3.3 Modern English .................................................................... 9 2.4 A Brief History of Arabic ....................................................... 10 2.5 A Brief Description of Morphology .......................................