Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1983 Intercalation of interstitial derivatives of yttrium monochloride Jeffrey Earl Ford Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Inorganic Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Ford, Jeffrey Earl, "Intercalation of interstitial derivatives of yttrium monochloride " (1983). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 8471. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/8471 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. 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Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8407070 Ford, Jeffrey Earl INTERCALATION AND INTERSTITIAL DERIVATIVES OF YTTRIUM MONOCHLORIDE Iowa State University PH.D. 1983 University Microfilms 1 ntGrnSltiO nsil 300 N. zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V 1. Glossy photographs or pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages / 8. Print exceeds margin requirements 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 11. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Other University Microfilms International Intercalation of interstitial derivatives of yttrium monochloride by Jeffrey Earl Ford A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Chemis try Major: Inorganic Chemistry Approved; Signature was redacted for privacy. Charge ofMajor Work Signature was redacted for privacy. !Foror the MajMajor or Department;Department Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Graduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1983 li TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 EXPERIMENTAL 6 Synthesis Techniques 6 General 6 Reactants 7 Reactions 9 Characterization Techniques 10 General 10 Single crystal work 11 RESULTS 14 Yttrium Monochloride 14 Intercalation of Yttrium Monochloride 21 Intercalation of Oxide Interstitial Derivatives of YCl 27 K^YClOg system 29 Li^YClOg system 40 Na^YClOg system 42 RbxYClOz system 50 CsxYClOg system 52 Deintercalation 56 Unsuccessful reactions 57 Hydrates 58 Carbide Interstitial Derivative of YCl 64 Intercalation of Carbide Interstitial Derivatives of YCl 67 NajjY2Cl2C2 system 69 K^Y2Cl2C2 system 70 Other phases 77 DISCUSSION 79 Lattice Constants of YCl 79 Intercalation of YCl 83 ill Page Coordination of Intercalated Alkali Metals 86 Intercalation of Y2CI2C2 89 Unsuccessful Intercalation Reactions 91 Light Atom Interstitial Compounds 91 Hydrates of M^YCIO 98 X z Sources of Impurities FUTURE WORK 104 Synthesis of M^REX 104 Synthesis of Other M^REXO^ Phases 105 Synthesis of M^^RE^XgC 106 Other Interstitial Compounds 106 Physical Properties 107 LITERATURE CITED 108 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 112 APPENDIX A; OBSERVED AND CALCULATED STRUCTURE FACTORS (xlO) 113 FOR YCl APPENDIX B; OBSERVED AND CALCULATED STRUCTURE FACTORS (xlO) 114 FOR 3R-Lio QgYCl APPENDIX C: OBSERVED AND CALCULATED STRUCTURE FACTORS (xlO) 115 FOR 2H-KQ qqYCIOQ 22 APPENDIX D; OBSERVED AND CALCULATED STRUCTURE FACTORS (xlO) 116 FOR 3R-Nao ogYClOi 0 APPENDIX E: OBSERVED AND CALCULATED STRUCTURE FACTORS (xlO) 117 FOR 1T-KQ 52^2^^2^0.80 APPENDIX F: CALCULATED AND OBSERVED GUINIER POWDER PATTERNS 118 FOR IT-Cs^YClOg iv Page APPENDIX G; CALCULATED AND OBSERVED GUINIER POWDER PATTERNS 119 FOR LT-K^(H20)AYC10G APPENDIX H: CALCULATED AND OBSERVED GUINIER POWDER PATTERNS 120 FOR IT-YgClgC APPENDIX I: CALCULATED AND OBSERVED GUINIER POWDER PATTERNS 121 FOR 1T-KQ 52"'^2^^2^0.80 1 INTRODUCTION The binary Y-YCl^ system has been the source for two Independent 1 ? investigations in recent years. » Two reduced phases, YCl and YgClg, 12 3 have been characterized in each. ' ' Although the number of reduced phases in this system has not matched the Sc-ScClg system^ it has none­ theless been a system with interesting synthetic problems and results. The early work in the Y-YClg system was limited to the proposed phase diagrams by Polyachenok and Novikov^ and Corbett et al.^ Both investigations reported a YCl^ melting point of 721°C, a eutectic at 715-716°C, and an approximate 2 mole percent metal solubility at that point. In the phase diagram by Polyachenok and Novikov^ there was an effect at 740°C which was attributed to a monotectic transformation of an unidentified YCl^-rich solid. This effect was dismissed as one seen in other rare earth metal-trichloride systems.^ Neither investigation re­ ported any evidence for reduced phases. The reduced halides of yttrium, Y2CI3, YCl, Y2Br3, and YBr, were subsequently reported by Mattausch et al. 3 Reactions of YClg with excess Y strips at 797°C in sealed Ta tubes produced black fur-like aggregates of Y2CI3 needles with lattice parameters £=» 15.144(3) A, ^ = 3.825(1) A, £ = 10.077(2) A and 3 = 118.24°. YgCl^ crystallizes in the C2/m space group and is isotypic with Gd2Cl3. The structure consists of parallel infinite chains of composition Y4/2Y2CI4CI2 formed by condensing MgXg- type clusters via trans edges. The packing of infinite chains leaves voids of approximate trigonal antiprismatic symmetry in the chlorine 2 layers. Attempts at filling these voids In YgClg and Gd^Clg with Ll"*", thereby adding an electron to the metal-metal bonding In the Infinite g chains, have been unsuccessful. The best explanation of why these voids cannot be filled is that band calculations, photoemlsslon spectra, and temperature-dependent conductivity studies show that GdgClg is a filled 9 in band semiconductor (band gap '^0.7 eV). ' Thin, highly reflective black plates of YCl were prepared by reac­ ting a large excess of Y powder with YClg at 790°C for 30 days.^ ^ In these reactions,the yield of YCl was generally quite small, <15%. There has been some disagreement over the lattice parameters of YCl obtained 3 with Guinler techniques. Mattausch et al. report hexagonal lattice con­ stants of £ = 3.748(1) A and £ = 27.318(9) A while N. Holzer^ reports a. = 3.7478(9) Â and £ = 27.525(5) A. YCl has been determined by powder 3 patterns to be isotypic with ZrBr. The crystal structure of YCl will be discussed in detail in later sections of this dissertation. The monohalldes, MX, where M = Sc-La, Pr, Gd, Tb, Ho, Er, Zr, Hf and X = CI or Br, have structures which consist of close packed metal and halogen atoms in alternate double layers in the form of a slab, X-M-M-X.^^ The slabs stack along £ and two stacking variations are known. The ZrCl structure-type has an ABCA slab stacking while the ZrBr-type has ACBA 12 13 stacking. ' The structures are characterized by strong Intralayer and Interlayer metal-metal bonding and weak van der Waals interactions be­ tween halogen layers. The monohalldes are somewhat similar to the transition metal dichal- cogenides, MCh^, in that both have layered structures which consist of 3 slabs that are bound by weak van der Waals interactions. The dichalco- genides, about 60 in number including the.various polymorphs and poly- types, have hexagonal or trigonal structures with fairly strong covalent bonding.This class of materials readily undergoes intercalation reac­ tions.