Human enhancement and the future of work Report from a joint workshop hosted by the Academy of Medical Sciences, the British Academy, the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Royal Society. November 2012 Academy of Medical Sciences The independent Academy of Medical Sciences promotes advances in medical science and campaigns to ensure these are translated into benefits for patients. The Academy’s Fellows are the United Kingdom’s leading medical scientists from hospitals, academia, industry and the public service. British Academy The British Academy, established by Royal Charter in 1902, champions and supports the humanities and social sciences. It aims to inspire, recognise and support excellence in the humanities and social sciences, throughout the UK and internationally, and to champion their role and value. The British Academy is an independent, self-governing fellowship of scholars elected for their distinction and achievement. Royal Academy of Engineering As the UK’s national academy for engineering, we bring together the most successful and talented engineers from across the engineering sectors for a shared purpose: to advance and promote excellence in engineering. We provide analysis and policy support to promote the UK’s role as a great place from which to do business. We take a lead on engineering education and we invest in the UK’s world class research base to underpin innovation. We work to improve public awareness and understanding of engineering. We are a national academy with a global outlook and use our international partnerships to ensure that the UK benefits from international networks, expertise and investment. The Royal Society The Royal Society is a self-governing Fellowship of many of the world’s most distinguished scientists drawn from all areas of science, engineering, and medicine. The Society’s fundamental purpose, as it has been since its foundation in 1660, is to recognise, promote, and support excellence in science and to encourage the development and use of science for the benefit of humanity. For more information visit royalsociety.org ISBN No: 978-1-903401-35-4 Human enhancement and the future of work Report from a joint workshop hosted by the Academy of Medical Sciences, the British Academy, the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Royal Society. November 2012 Acknowledgements and disclaimer Cognisant of the lack of debate about the potential impact of human enhancement in the workplace, the Academy of Medical Sciences, British Academy, Royal Academy of Engineering and Royal Society came together to consider the implications of human enhancement technologies for the future of work. The Academies convened a small policy-focused workshop on 7 March 2012, which brought together policy-makers with leading experts from across engineering, science, social science, the humanities and industry. The Academies are very grateful to the steering committee, chaired by Professor Genevra Richardson CBE FBA, which has overseen this project. This is the first time that these four academies have combined their expertise to consider the policy implications of developments in a diverse range of research fields. This report captures the themes and questions that emerged from the workshop and does not necessarily represent the views of the four host academies. All web references were accessed in October 2012. © The Academy of Medical Sciences CHAPTERCONTENTS TITLE Contents Summary 5 1 Introduction 9 2 Cognitive enhancement 13 3 Physical enhancement 23 4 Commercialisation opportunities and challenges 33 5 Potential implications for the future of work 37 6 Policy and regulatory implications 49 7 Conclusion 53 Annex I Workshop programme 55 Annex II Steering committee membership 57 Annex III Workshop participants 59 Glossary 61 3 HUMAN ENHANCEMENT AND THE FUTURE OF WORK 4 CHAPTERSUMMARY TITLE Summary Over the next few decades, the nature of paid A fundamental aspect of this discussion relates work is likely to change significantly owing, to the ultimate objective of enhancement. for example, to the ageing workforce and Potential outcomes exist along a spectrum, changing working practices. Although human from increasing participation in work among enhancement technologies might aid society in those who might otherwise be disadvantaged dealing with this transition, their use at work is or excluded, to improving the performance likely to have implications that require careful and efficiency of all employees beyond the consideration, particularly by policy-makers, current limits of human capacity. Any effective employers, employees, researchers and wider regulatory framework would need to reflect society. Any such use would have impacts these different objectives. Attention also needs across the population and on individuals to be given to the risk that people will be put both employed and not employed. Human under pressure to enhance their ability to enhancement has been widely debated and tolerate demanding work such as shift working; discussions usually focus on the desire to this risk will be greatest for those with the improve performance. Although the context weakest labour market conditions. Attendees of work is clearly a primary application of were keen to stress that these technologies are these technologies, debate around human not a substitute for improving conditions enhancement has not specifically considered of work. the context of work. This report outlines selected developments Cognisant of the lack of debate about the from across science and engineering that potential impact of human enhancement in the could enable both cognitive and physical workplace, the Academy of Medical Sciences, enhancement, although it is not exhaustive. British Academy, Royal Academy of Engineering It summarises the themes and issues raised and Royal Society jointly hosted a workshop to during the workshop. Given that there is consider this topic on 7 March 2012. Human currently little debate about the use of enhancement refers to endeavours that enhancements at work or an academic research are designed or used to restore or improve base to draw upon, the report aims to highlight human performance, thus overcoming the possible implications of such use, which are current limits of one’s human body (see Box likely to be complex, and to identify potential 1). This workshop was concerned with novel areas for debate. Key messages identified by technologies that have the potential to extend workshop participants include the following: an individual’s capacities beyond their current • Enhancement technologies could limits. This interdisciplinary workshop brought change how people work. Work together policy-makers with leading experts will evolve over the next decade, with from across engineering, science, social science, enhancement technologies potentially the humanities and industry. The workshop making a significant contribution. provided insights into enhancements that might Widespread use of enhancements might arise from advances in science and engineering influence an individual’s ability to learn or that are likely to impact on the future of work, perform tasks and perhaps even to enter and it considered the associated opportunities a profession; influence motivation; enable and challenges for all stakeholders and for people to work in more extreme conditions policy in particular. To capture the range of or into old age, reduce work-related illness; future technologies most accurately, the or facilitate earlier return to work workshop primarily focused on technologies after illness. likely to impact on work in the next decade. 5 HUMAN ENHANCEMENT AND THE FUTURE OF WORK • Implications will be complex and there • A range of policy questions will need will be multiple political and social to be addressed. Although enhancement tensions. There are many instances where technologies might bring opportunities, the possible implications of enhancement they also raise several health, safety, at work will be complex and potentially ethical, social and political challenges, divisive. Enhancement could benefit which warrant proactive discussion. Very employee efficiency and even work–life different regulatory regimes are currently balance, but there is a risk that it will applied: for example, digital services be seen as a solution to increasingly and devices (with significant cognitive challenging working conditions, which could enhancing effects) attract less, if any, have implications for employee wellbeing. regulatory oversight than pharmacological Enabling an ageing workforce to delay interventions. This raises significant retirement would have implications for questions, such as whether any form of youth employment. self-regulation would be appropriate and • The distinction between enhancement whether there are circumstances where and restoration is difficult. The enhancements should be encouraged or workshop aimed to consider enhancement even mandatory, particularly where work technologies as both restorative and involves responsibility for the safety of taking individuals ‘beyond the norm’. others (e.g. bus drivers or airline pilots). Although ‘norm’ is a challenging concept, • Empirical data are needed to guide this distinction may be integral to policy. ‘Known unknowns’ need to be considerations of the acceptability of addressed by studies on short- and long- new technologies, and thus to regulatory term impacts (both positive and negative) decisions. The use of restorative of enhancements on individuals with technologies might