Afghanistan Migration Profile KAZAKHSTAN UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN TURKMENISTAN TAJIKISTAN AFGHANISTAN ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN PAKISTAN The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. Publisher: International Organization for Migration Afghanistan Street No.4, House No. 27 Ansari Square, Shahr-e-Naw, Kabul Afghanistan E-mail: [email protected] _____________________________________________________ © 2014 International Organization for Migration (IOM) _____________________________________________________ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Afghanistan Migration Profile Prepared for the International Organization for Migration (IOM) by Katrin Marchand Melissa Siegel Katie Kuschminder Nassim Majidi Michaella Vanore Carla Buil TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP MEMBERS • Central Statistics Organization (CSO) • Da Afghanistan Bank (DAB) • International Labour Organization (ILO) • International Organization for Migration (IOM) • Ministry of Borders and Tribal Affairs (MoBTA) • Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) • Ministry of the Interior (MoI) • Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs, Martyrs and Disabled (MoLSAMD) - Director General of Manpower and Labour Affairs Regulations • Ministry of Refugees and Repatriation (MoRR) • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank all our Technical Working Group members for all of their assistance, the IOM Development Fund for the funding of this Afghanistan Migration Profile project as well as IOM Afghanistan for their helpful support. A special thanks goes to Samuel Hall for their excellent field work. The revisions and feedback by Mio Sato (IOM Afghanistan) as well as Alessia Castelfranco and Denis Kierans (IOM Geneva) were very much appreciated. We would also like to thank Isabel Mehlmann and Elaine McGregor for their research assistance as well as Howard Hudson and Vivianne van der Vorst for their part in editing the Migration Profile. Afghanistan Migration Profile 5 CONTENTS List of Tables ...................................................................................9 List of Figures ...............................................................................14 Acronyms .....................................................................................15 Foreword ......................................................................................17 Country Map and Key Statistics.....................................................19 Executive Summary ......................................................................21 Part A: Afghanistan - A Country in Context ....................................29 A.1. Migration History ....................................................................29 A.2. Social, Economic and Environmental Trends ..........................35 Part B: Migration Trends and Characteristics .................................53 B.1. Immigration ............................................................................53 B.2. Emigration ..............................................................................57 B.3. Irregular Migration ...............................................................107 B.4. Return Migration ..................................................................116 B.5. Internal Migration .................................................................128 Part C: Impacts of Migration .......................................................139 C.1. Migration and Demographic Development ..........................139 C.2. Migration and Economic Development ................................143 C.3. Migration, Employment and the Labour Market ..................160 C.4. Migration and Social Development ......................................176 C.5. Migration and Health ............................................................189 C.6. Migration and the Environment ...........................................192 Part D: Migration Governance ....................................................199 D.1. Mainstreaming Migration into Development Plans .............199 D.2. Laws and Regulations (National, Regional and International Levels) ..............................................................204 D.3. Institutional Framework .......................................................218 D.4. International Cooperation ....................................................227 Afghanistan Migration Profile 7 Part E: Key Findings, Policy Implications and Recommendations .231 E.1. Migration Trends ...................................................................231 E.2. The Impacts of Migration ......................................................241 E.3. Migration Policies .................................................................245 E.4. Recommendations Concerning Improvements to Migration Statistics and the Overall Evidence Base ..............246 E.5. How to Regularly Update the Afghanistan Migration Profile 249 References ..................................................................................251 8 Afghanistan Migration Profile LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Afghan resident population by sex (in thousands), 1950-2050...35 Table 2: Population growth rate (in %) and population change (in thousands), 1950-2050 ..........................................................36 Table 3: Afghan population by age group (in %), 1950-2050 ....................36 Table 4: Elderly population (age 65+) by residence and sex, NRVA 2007/08 ............................................................................. 37 Table 5: Poverty measures, NRVA 2007/08 .............................................. 40 Table 6: Mean per capita monthly real consumption expenditure and share in consumption by population quintile and poverty status, NRVA 2007/08 ....................................................42 Table 7: Mortality data from the Afghanistan Mortality Survey, 2010 .....44 Table 8: Labour force in Afghanistan by age group (in thousands), NRVA 2007/08 ............................................................................. 45 Table 9: Permanent departures from Australia to Afghanistan, 2002-2011 ..............................................................54 Table 10: Emigration from the Netherlands to Afghanistan, 2000-2009 ....54 Table 11: Number of permits issued to foreign nationals working in Kabul, 24 March 2007-20 January 2008 .................................. 55 Table 12: Stock of Afghan migrants abroad, various years .........................58 Table 13: Arrivals of Afghans in Pakistan, 1979-2005 ................................. 61 Table 14: Length of stay of Afghans in Germany, 2011 ............................... 66 Table 15: Afghan households by migration status during past five years and current residence, NRVA 2007/08 ........................72 Table 16: Place of origin of in-migrants and place of destination of out-migrants, NRVA ..................................................................... 72 Table 17: Age structure of Afghan refugees in the Islamic Republic of Iran (in %) ................................................................. 75 Table 18: Afghans in the United States by age group, 2011 .......................76 Table 19: Age distribution of 1st, 2nd and 3rd generation Afghans in Canada, 2006 .......................................................................... 76 Table 20: Afghans in the Netherlands by age group, 1996-2012 ................78 Table 21: Afghans naturalized in the United States, 1994-2012 .................80 Table 22: Place of origin of labour in-migrants and place of destination of labour out-migrants, NRVA 2007/08 ....................................... 85 Table 23: Labour migrants by age group and sex (in %), NRVA 2007/08 ....85 Table 24: Comparison of legal versus irregular entry and exit at the Torkham border, September 2008 ........................................ 91 Afghanistan Migration Profile 9 Table 25: Head count yearly comparison: outgoing and incoming movements (excluding voluntary refugee returnees), 2007-2011 ................................................................................... 94 Table 26: Inflows of Afghan asylum-seekers in selected OECD countries, 2003-2011 ................................................................................... 97 Table 27: Estimated stock of Afghan refugees and asylum applicants registered by UNHCR in Pakistan, 1993-2012 .............................98 Table 28: Afghan refugees