Standards and labelling programme for passenger car tyres April 2018 Fuel Efficiency Wet Grip An initiative supported by This publication is for private circulation only. Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation works to strengthen the energy security of India by aiding the design and implementation of policies that support renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable transport solutions. The views/analysis expressed in this report/document do not necessarily reflect the views of Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation. The Foundation also does not guarantee the accuracy of any data included in this publication nor does it accept any responsibility for the consequences of its use. 1 List of abbreviations ATMA Automotive Tyre Manufacturers' Association BIS Bureau of Indian Standards ◦ C degrees Celcius GHG Greenhouse Gas HDV Heavy Duty Vehicle ICAT International Centre for Automotive Technology IRMRA Indian Rubber Manufacturers' Research Association ISO International Standards Organisation kN kiloNewtons LL Lower limit m metre N Newtons NATRAX NationalAutomotiveTestTracks PwC PricewaterhouseCoopers Private Limited R117.02 UNECE Regulation 117 - 02 series RR Rolling Resistance RRC Rolling Resistance Coefficient S&L Standards & labelling SSEF Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation TED7 Transport Engineering Division committee 7 TTT Tyre Test Trailer UL Upper limit UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................8 1.1. Mandate for fuel efficiency in India ........................................................................................................... 8 1.2. Tyres as an option for achieving fuel efficiency ...................................................................................... 10 1.3. Existing regulations for tyres in India ...................................................................................................... 11 1.4. Description of this assignment..................................................................................................................12 1.5. Scope of work .............................................................................................................................................12 2. Approach for this study........................................................................................................13 2.1. Market assessment.....................................................................................................................................13 2.2. Identification and engagement with test agencies ..................................................................................13 2.3. Determination of tyre sample set for testing ...........................................................................................14 2.4. Testing of passenger car tyres for RR and wet grip performance...........................................................14 2.5. Analysis of test results and performance benchmarking ........................................................................14 2.6. Final recommendations ............................................................................................................................14 3. The tyre industry in India ....................................................................................................15 3.1. Techniques for data collection ..................................................................................................................15 3.2. Classification of tyres ................................................................................................................................15 3.3. Market structure........................................................................................................................................17 3.3.1. Tyre market end users .....................................................................................................................17 3.3.2. Tyre production .............................................................................................................................. 18 3.3.3. Major players in the Indian tyre market ........................................................................................19 3.4. Assessment of the passenger car tyre market ..........................................................................................19 3.4.1. Prevalent sizes in the market..........................................................................................................20 3.4.2. Tyre branding ..................................................................................................................................21 3.4.3. Unorganized market....................................................................................................................... 22 3.5. Assessment of the HDV tyre market in India ......................................................................................... 22 3.5.1. Tyre branding .................................................................................................................................. 22 3.5.2. Retreading of worn-out tyres ......................................................................................................... 23 4. Test procedures for determination of tyre RR and wet grip................................................ 24 4.1. Test procedures followed globally............................................................................................................ 24 4.1.1. Overview of test protocol for determination of RRC..................................................................... 24 4.1.2. Overview of test protocol for determination of wet grip index .................................................... 25 4.2. Availability of testing infrastructure in India ......................................................................................... 26 4.3. Conclusion & next actions........................................................................................................................ 27 5. Selection of tyre samples for RR and wet grip testing .........................................................28 5.1. Identification of target population...........................................................................................................28 5.2. Determination of sampling methodology ...............................................................................................28 5.3. Determination of sample size ..................................................................................................................30 5.4. Selection of tyre samples for RR testing.................................................................................................. 32 5.5. Selection of tyre samples for wet grip testing ......................................................................................... 32 5.6. Final sample set for RR testing................................................................................................................ 34 5.7. Final sample set for wet grip testing........................................................................................................ 36 6. Testing of sample tyres for RRC .......................................................................................... 38 6.1. Overall RR testing plan.............................................................................................................................38 6.2. Procurement of tyre samples ...................................................................................................................38 6.3. RR performance testing at IRMRA’s premises....................................................................................... 39 6.4. RRC test results .........................................................................................................................................41 7. Testing of sample tyres for wet grip .................................................................................... 42 7.1. Overall wet grip testing plan..................................................................................................................... 42 7.2. Procurement of tyre samples ................................................................................................................... 42 7.3. Wet grip performance testing at NATRAX.............................................................................................. 43 7.4. Wet grip test results.................................................................................................................................. 44 8. Analysis of test results ........................................................................................................ 45 8.1. Approach adopted..................................................................................................................................... 45 8.2. Analysis of RRC data................................................................................................................................ 45 8.2.1. Overall RRC results and comparison with EU requirements....................................................... 45 8.2.2. Relationship between RRC & rim diameter..................................................................................48 8.2.3. Relationship between RRC &