Dr. J.S. Sandhu d`f”k vk;qDr Tel/Fax : 2338 3549 Hkkjr ljdkj Mob : 9582898978 E-mail : [email protected] d`f”k ea=ky; ¼d`f”k ,oa lgdkfjrk foHkkx½ d`f”k Hkou] ubZ fnYyh & 110001 Agriculture Commissioner Government of India Ministry of Agriculture (Department of Agriculture & Cooperation) Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi-110 001 FOREWORD Coarse cereals are traditionally grown in resource poor agro-climatic regions of the country. Coarse cereals include Sorghum, Pearl millet, Ragi, Small millets, Maize and Barley. In the present scenario, demand for coarse cereals is declining due to change in food habits and the longer time required for coarse cereal food preparation as compared to fine cereals. The consumption of these food items has also been traditionally restricted mainly to growing areas. Coarse cereals are known for nutria-rich content and having characteristics like drought tolerance, photo-insensitivity and resilient to climate change etc. These crops also offer a good potential in food processing industry and as a promising exportable commodity. The major coarse cereals growing states i.e. Rajasthan (26%), Maharashtra (21.4%), Karnataka (13.2%), Uttar Pradesh (7.3%), Madhya Pradesh (6.6%) and Gujarat (5.5%) have about 90% area of total coarse cereals in the country. To promote cultivation and consumption of millets, Government of India introduced Scheme on “Initiative for Nutritional Security through Intensive Millet Promotion (INSIMP)” in 2011-12. These crops have been included as an integral part of National Food Security Mission during XII Plan. Coarse cereals have also been included in Public Distribution System at subsidized rates after introduction of National Food Security Act. The status paper on Coarse Cereals (Sorghum, Pearl millet, Ragi, Small millets, Maize and Barley) is compiled by the Directorate of Millets Development, Jaipur in consultation with institutes i.e. Directorate of Sorghum Research (DSR), Directorate of Maize Research (DMR), Directorate of Wheat Research (DWR), Project Coordinator (Pearl Millet) and Project Coordinator (Small Millets). I hope it would be helpful for students, researchers, policy makers, academicians, industry & trade associated with the production, processing and value addition. I congratulate Shri Sanjay Lohiya, Joint Secretary (Crops) and Dr. D.P. Malik. Additional Commissioner (Crops) for bringing out this report. I also congratulate Dr. M.N. Singh. Director (Incharge), Dr. Subhash Chandra, Joint Director and Shri A. Ansari. Statistical Investigator from Directorate of Millets Development, Jaipur for compiling this document. (J.S. Sandhu) Place : New Delhi Date : 18 February, 2014 iii Qksu@QSDl Phone/Fax : 0141-2235631 bZ&esy e-mail : [email protected] Hkkjr ljdkj Government of India dnUu fodkl funs‘kkYk; Directorate of Millets Development d`f”k ea=ky; Ministry of Agriculture d`f”k ,oa lgdkfjrk foHkkx Department of Agriculture & Cooperation dsUnzh; lnu] [k.M&,] lSDVj&10] Kendriya Sadan Block-A, Sector-10 fo|k/kj uxj] t;iqj Vidyadharnagar, Jaipur-302 039. PREFACE The Directorate of Millets Development, a subordinate office of the Ministry Agriculture, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation (DAC), is entrusted with the responsibility of monitoring of millets development programmes at National level and have liaison with Indian Council of Agriculture Research Institutions, like Directorate of Sorghum Research (DSR), Hyderabad; Directorate of Maize Research (DMR), New Delhi; Directorate of Wheat Research (DWR), Karnal; All India Coordinated Pearl Millet Improvement Project (AICPMIP), Mandor, Jodhpur and All India Coordinated Small Millets improvement Project (AICSMIP), GKVK, Bengaluru. These Institutions have provided a large number of hybrids/varieties, which have contributed significantly in productivity improvement of these crops. The private sector has a major stake in development and supply of seed of hybrids of sorghum, pearl millet & maize and also in utilization of coarse grains in various value added food products. In order to have an effective linkage between research and technology transfer, a programme on Front Line Demonstration (FLD) was launched by the Ministry of Agriculture in 1995-96. Under this programme, newly released cultivars and improved crop production technologies are demonstrated by the Agricultural Scientists of ICAR and SAUs on farmers’ fields. For promotion of millets/coarse cereals in the country, a programme of “Initiative of Nutritional Security through Intensive Millets Promoion (INSIMP)” was launched with effect from 2011-12 to promote cultivation and consumption of millets based food products. Coarse cereals are being included in NFSM during 12th Five Year Plan, which would be implemented w.e.f. 2014-15. Nutri-rich varieties coarse cereals are also being promoted under Nutri-Farm Programme which was started in 2013-14. I am grateful to Shri Sanjay Lohiya, Joint Secretary (Crops) for his initiative, guidance and encouragement in bringing out this publication. This paper would create valuable inputs for use of all the stakeholders who are concerned about for the sustainable development of coarse cereals in the country. I am also grateful to Smt. Reena Saha, Director (Crops), Dr. D.P. Malik, Additional Commissioner (Crops), Shri S.K. Dalal, Ex-Additional Commissioner, DAC, Dr. J.P. Singh, Ex-Director, Directorate of Millets Development, Dr. B.B. Singh & Er. Shamsher Singh, National Consultants of NFSM and Dr. Sain Das, Ex-Director, DMR for their valuable suggestions in bringing out this publication. The information provided by the State Department of Agriculture; DSR, Hyderabad; DMR, New Delhi, DWR, Karnal, AICPMIP, Mandor, Jodhpur and AICSMIP, Bengaluru is gratefully acknowledged. I am grateful to my colleague Dr. Subhash Chandra, Joint Director and Shri Amaluddin Ansari, Stastical Investigator of the Directorate for their contribution in this endeavour. Place : Jaipur (Dr. M.N. Singh) Date : 18th Feb., 2014 Director ( Incharge) iv CONTENTS S. No. Contents Page number Foreword Preface Coarse cereals 1-11 1 Sorghum 1.1 Introduction 12-15 1.2 Comparative analysis 16-18 1.3 Varietal development 18-23 1.4 Climatic requirement 23-28 1.5 Genetic potentiality advancement 28-34 1.6 Seed scenario 35 1.7 Recommended package of practices 36-39 1.8 Cropping system 40-41 1.9 Crop products 41-46 1.10 Major problems associated with storage of grains 47-50 1.11 Researchable issues 50-51 2 Pearl millet 2.1 Introduction 52-54 2.2 Comparative analysis 54-57 2.3 Varietal development 57-59 2.4 Climatic requirement 59-61 2.5 Genetic potentiality advancement 61-67 2.6 Seed scenario 68 2.7 Recommended package of practices 69-79 2.8 Cropping system 79 2.9 Crop products 79-86 2.10 Major problems associated with storage of grains 86 2.11 Researchable issues 86 3 Finger millet (Ragi) 3.1 Introduction 87-89 3.2 Comparative analysis 90-91 3.3 Varietal development 91-94 3.4 Climatic requirement 94 3.5 Genetic potentiality advancement 94-95 3.6 Recommended package of practices 95-96 3.7 Cropping system 97 3.8 Crop products 97-98 3.9 Major problems associated with storage of grains 99 3.10 Researchable issues 99 v S. No. Contents Page number 4 Small millets 4.1 Introduction 100-103 4.2 Comparative analysis 104 4.3 Varietal development 104-109 4.4 Climatic requirement 110 4.5 Genetic potentiality advancement 110 4.6 Recommended package of practices 110-112 4.7 Cropping system 112 4.8 Potential States and Districts 113 4.9 Crop products 114 4.10 Researchable issues 114 5 Maize 5.1 Introduction 115-118 5.2 Comparative analysis 118-120 5.3 Varietal development 121-132 5.4 Climatic requirement 132-133 5.5 Status and scope for transgenic and genomics 133 5.6 Seed scenario 134-135 5.7 Recommended package of practices 135-140 5.8 Cropping system 140-143 5.9 Crop products 143-144 5.10 Major problems associated with storage of grains 145 5.11 Researchable issues 145 Annexure-I: Package of practices of Kharif maize 146-154 Annexure-II: Package of practices of Rabi maize 155-156 6 Barley 6.1 Introduction 157-158 6.2 Comparative analysis 159-160 6.3 Varietal development 161-164 6.4 Climatic requirement 164-166 6.5 Genetic potentiality advancement 166-171 6.6 Recommended package of practices 171-174 6.7 Cropping system 175 6.8 Crop products 175 6.9 Constraints impeding barley production in the country 175 6.10 Impact on crop with respect to uptake of nutrients, soil health and underground water 175-178 6.11 Major problems associated with storage of grains 178-179 6.12 Researchable issues 179 Important website 180 References 181-191 vi TABLES Table Title Page No. number 1 Mean area, production and yield of coarse grains (2007-2011) 1 2 State-wise normal area, production and yield of total coarse cereals (Average of 2007-08 to 2011-12) 2-3 3 Crop specific Area, production and productivity of coarse cereals. 3-4 4 Proximate composition of coarse cereals and fine cereals (Per 100 g) 5 5 The proximate composition of sorghum grain (per 100 g) 15 6 State-wise Normal Area, Production and Yield of Sorghum (Average of 2007-08 to 2011-12) 15 7 State/season specific distribution of sorghum in India (2007-08 to 2011-12) 16 8 Mean area, production and yield of sorghum (2007-2011) 17 9 State wise status of popular Hybrids/Varieties of sorghum 19-20 10 The state wise progress of front line demonstration (FLDs) of grain sorghum 21 11 Yield performance of FLDs of sorghum during Kharif season 22 12 Yield performance of FLDs of sorghum during Rabi season 23 13 State-wise SRR (%) of Sorghum during 2006 to 2012 35 14 The proximate composition of sorghum grain (per 100 g) 41 15 State/season specific distribution of Pearl millet in India (2007-08 to 2011-12).