Emerging Technologies and Management of Crop Stress Tolerance This page intentionally left blank Emerging Technologies and Management of Crop Stress Tolerance A Sustainable Approach Volume 2 Edited by Parvaiz Ahmad Saiema Rasool AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEWYORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA Copyright r 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-800875-1 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at elsevierdirect.com Printed and bound in the United States of America 141516171810987654321 Dedication This book is dedicated to Hakim Abdul Hameed (1908À1999) Founder of Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) New Delhi, India This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................... xvii Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................. xix About the Editors................................................................................................................................ xxi List of Contributors ..........................................................................................................................xxiii CHAPTER 1 Improvement of Legume Crop Production Under Environmental Stresses Through Biotechnological Intervention.................................. 1 Adeena Shafique, Sammia Rehman, Azka Khan and Alvina Gul Kazi 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Major stresses affecting legume crop production ..................................................... 2 1.3 Biotic stresses for legumes ........................................................................................ 2 1.3.1 Fungi ................................................................................................................ 2 1.3.2 Foliar diseases.................................................................................................. 3 1.3.3 Plant viruses..................................................................................................... 3 1.3.4 Insects and pests .............................................................................................. 4 1.3.5 Parasitic weeds ................................................................................................ 5 1.4 Biotechnological interventions for biotic stress tolerance in legumes ..................... 5 1.4.1 Focus on fungal stress ..................................................................................... 5 1.5 Abiotic stresses in legumes........................................................................................ 8 1.5.1 Drought ............................................................................................................ 9 1.5.2 Salinity........................................................................................................... 10 1.5.3 Temperature................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Biotechnological interventions for abiotic stress tolerance in legumes ................. 10 1.6.1 Soybean.......................................................................................................... 11 1.6.2 Cowpea .......................................................................................................... 15 1.7 Conclusion and future prospects.............................................................................. 16 References ........................................................................................................................ 17 CHAPTER 2 Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants ....................................................... 23 P.S. Sha Valli Khan, G.V. Nagamallaiah, M. Dhanunjay Rao, K. Sergeant and J.F. Hausman 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 23 2.2 Plant responses to abiotic stresses ........................................................................... 24 2.3 Proteomic analysis of responses to abiotic stresses ................................................ 25 vii viii Contents 2.3.1 Water stress.................................................................................................... 26 2.3.2 Imbalances in mineral nutrition .................................................................... 37 2.3.3 Heavy metal stress......................................................................................... 41 2.3.4 Salt stress ....................................................................................................... 45 2.3.5 Temperature stress......................................................................................... 47 2.4 Conclusion and future prospects.............................................................................. 55 References ........................................................................................................................ 56 CHAPTER 3 Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Crop Improvement under Environmental Stress .............................................................................. 69 Mohammad Abass Ahanger, Abeer Hashem, Elsayed Fathi Abd-Allah and Parvaiz Ahmad 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 69 3.2 Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi .............................................................. 71 3.3 Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soil fertility.......................................... 72 3.4 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and environmental stresses in plants ...................... 73 3.4.1 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and water stress ............................................ 74 3.4.2 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and salinity stress ......................................... 75 3.4.3 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and pathogen attack...................................... 77 3.4.4 AMF and herbicides and pesticides .............................................................. 78 3.5 Ion transport in plants under stress and the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi..................................................................................................... 79 3.6 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and mineral nutrition .............................................. 79 3.6.1 Phosphorus..................................................................................................... 80 3.6.2 Nitrogen ......................................................................................................... 80 3.6.3 Potassium and K1/Na1 ratio......................................................................... 81 3.6.4 Calcium.......................................................................................................... 82 3.6.5 Magnesium..................................................................................................... 82 3.7 Conclusion and future prospects.............................................................................. 82 References ........................................................................................................................ 83 CHAPTER 4 Role of Endophytic Microbes in Mitigation of Abiotic Stress in Plants........................................................................................ 97 Amrita Kasotia and Devendra Kumar Choudhary 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 97 4.2 Endophyte diversity ................................................................................................. 98 4.3 Sustainable use of endophytes and habitat-imposed abiotic stress....................... 100 4.4 Conclusion and future prospects...........................................................................