Examining the Data Behind Health Claims on Fortified Beverages Looking Beyond the Marketing Claims of New Beverages Health Risks of Consuming Sports Drinks, Energy Drinks, Fortified Waters and Other Flavored Beverages Shauna Pirotin, Christina Becker and Patricia B. Crawford University of California at Berkeley, Atkins Center for Weight and Health August 2014 Dr. Robert C. and Veronica Atkins enter for c eight & w ealth University ofh California, Berkeley ___________________________ College of Natural Resources School of Public Health Shauna Pirotin, Christina Becker and Patricia B. Crawford University of California at Berkeley, Atkins Center for Weight and Health August 2014 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Background ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Methods ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 Beverage Identification .................................................................................................................. 6 Nutrient Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 7 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................... 7 Main findings ................................................................................................................................................ 8 Energy Drinks ................................................................................................................................ 8 Sports Drinks .................................................................................................................................. 9 Fruit Drinks .................................................................................................................................... 9 Flavored Water ............................................................................................................................... 9 Sweetened Teas and Coffee ......................................................................................................... 10 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 1. Energy Drinks ........................................................................................................................... 11 What are energy drinks? ............................................................................................................................. 11 Energy drink consumption patterns ............................................................................................................ 12 Caffeine and energy drink consumption ..................................................................................................... 13 Blood pressure and tachycardia................................................................................................... 13 Neurological problems ................................................................................................................. 14 Sleep problems ............................................................................................................................. 14 Individual case reports of caffeine induced symptoms ................................................................. 14 Additional energy drink concerns ............................................................................................................... 14 Relationship with obesity ............................................................................................................. 14 Academics and behavior .............................................................................................................. 14 Relationship with alcohol consumption ....................................................................................... 15 Other Additives in Energy Beverages ......................................................................................................... 15 Guarana ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Taurine ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Ginseng ........................................................................................................................................ 16 Gingko Biloba .............................................................................................................................. 16 Chapter 2. Sports Drinks ............................................................................................................................. 17 Page | 2 What are sports drinks? ............................................................................................................................... 17 Sports drinks as a superior source of hydration? ........................................................................................ 17 Sports drink consumption and childhood obesity ....................................................................................... 18 Low calorie sports drinks ............................................................................................................. 19 Sports drink consumption and dental health ............................................................................................... 19 Other ingredients in sports drinks ............................................................................................................... 19 Electrolytes- Sodium and Potassium ............................................................................................ 19 Chapter 3. Fruit Drinks ............................................................................................................................... 21 What are fruit drinks? ................................................................................................................................. 21 Fruit drink consumption and childhood obesity ......................................................................................... 22 Vitamins from fruit drinks in children’s diets ............................................................................................. 22 Vitamins and minerals in fruit drinks with established upper limits- Vitamin A ......................... 23 Chapter 4. Flavored Waters ........................................................................................................................ 24 What are flavored waters?........................................................................................................................... 24 Flavored water consumption and childhood obesity ................................................................................... 24 Low calorie flavored waters ......................................................................................................... 24 Other ingredients in flavored waters ........................................................................................................... 24 Vitamins and minerals in flavored waters with established upper limits- Vitamin B3 ................ 25 Chapter 5. Sweetened Teas and Coffee ...................................................................................................... 26 What are sweetened teas and coffee? .......................................................................................................... 26 Caffeine in sweetened teas and coffee ........................................................................................................ 27 Contribution to obesity ............................................................................................................................... 27 Fortified ingredients with potential adverse effects-Ginseng ...................................................... 27 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 28 Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................................................... 29 References ................................................................................................................................................... 30 Appendices .................................................................................................................................................. 37 Appendix A. Added ingredient content of Fortified Beverages ................................................................. 37 Appendix B. Ingredient Glossary................................................................................................................ 40 Appendix C. Fortified Ingredient Research Summaries ............................................................................