James Riedmann MS-GIST Program University of Arizona December 12, 2012 Primary goal of project: Create efficient routes that the Mars Science Laboratory could follow across the Martian terrain Purpose: Study the geologic features the rover will encounter Secondary goal: Get some insight into the challenges faced by planetary scientists Mars is about half the diameter of Earth. It’s the fourth planet from the sun, it’s windy, it’s dusty, and it gets colder than Antarctica. Flybys SPACECRAFT LAUNCH RESULT Mariner 3 1964 Failed Mariner 4 1964 Successful Orbiters SPACECRAFT LAUNCH RESULT Mariner 8 1971 Failed Mariner 9 1971 Successful Viking 1 1975 Successful Viking 2 1975 Successful Mars Observer 1992 Failed Mars Global Surveyor 1996 Successful Mars Climate Orbiter 1998 Failed 2001 Mars Odyssey 2001 Successful Mars Express 2003 Successful (U.S./Europe) Mars Reconnaissance 2005 Successful Orbiter Landers SPACECRAFT LAUNCH RESULT Viking 1 1975 Successful Viking 2 1975 Successful Mars Polar Lander 1999 Failed Phoenix 2007 Successful Rovers SPACECRAFT LAUNCH RESULT Mars Pathfinder 1996 Successful MER “Spirit” 2003 Successful MER “Opportunity” 2003 Successful MSL “Curiosity” 2011 Successful 16 For all the nations of Earth, there have now been 16 successful Mars missions and 24 failures. These are the landing locations and images of all of the successful landers and rovers. 17 Cameras Navigation Science Investigations 10 Instruments Geology Geochemistry Meteorology The study area is Gale Crater, which is 96 miles across and which contains a 3-mile-high mound of sediment called Mount Sharp. Landing Site The southern region of Mars is high in elevation with craters, mountains and volcanoes. The northern region is lower in elevation and very smooth. Gale Crater is in the transition zone between the high and low elevations. Gale Crater The crater is on the downhill side of the transition zone. The bottom of the crater is lower in elevation than the surrounding terrain, which makes it an ideal repository for sediment. Gale Crater At the base of Mount Sharp are layers of clay minerals. Above those are layers of sulfates. Clays and sulfates are formed in the presence of water, which is a major reason why NASA wanted to explore this area. On December 3rd, 2012, NASA announced the chemical findings of the rover’s first soil analysis (listed below). O2 H20 CO2 SO2 H2S CH3Cl CH2Cl2 CHCl3 landing zone 12/3/2012 Mount Sharp has two small canyons. These canyons expose depositional layers, just like the Grand Canyon on Earth. In coming years (2016?) the rover will likely be climbing up the smaller canyon on the left. The black material at the foot of the mound is a field of sand dunes. landing zone This is what the rover will find when it arrives at the mound: many different types of geological features. The mission scientists will have many options as to where to send the rover to investigate Mars’ history. The data for this project consisted of high-resolution DEMs and orthophotos. These high-resolution data are only available within the gray rectangular areas. Orthophotos: 0.5 m resolution DEMs: 1 m resolution Spacecraft: Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Instrument: HiRISE (High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment) Agencies: NASA, JPL, USGS The DEMs overlapped but they were not spatially aligned. They were off by a few hundred meters. The DEMs had to be adjusted to fit each other, but each alternative presented problems. Unknown: Offset distances and rotations between DEMs Shift tool: Needs X & Y offsets, doesn’t account for rotation Rubber sheeting: Risk of stretching data & warping terrain The X-Y shift method didn’t result in a good match, but rubber sheeting did. Rubber sheeting was used to adjust the surfaces. X – Y Shift Gap created by shifting gray surface to match green surface Rubber Sheeting After adjusting the DEMs, they were appended into a single surface. This was done twice. In the first trial, they were clipped to have an overlap of only 15 meters. In the second trial, no clipping was done. The append order of the second trial is indicated by the numbers in the right-hand image. Trial 1: Clipped with Trial 2: No clipping, 15 m overlaps unaltered overlaps Left: The two surfaces with different overlaps resulted in two different paths (blue and red). Right: The destination points were chosen so that the paths would intersect the geological features. The paths were compared to different surfaces to determine if they followed low slopes and conformed to the terrain. Slope Hillshade Orthophoto The rover is programmed not to drive on slopes above 30°. In a few cases the path crossed these forbidden slopes. The problem relates to the append process and the difficulty of properly aligning the DEMs. Black = slopes above 30° Left: The path crosses a dune. Mission scientists will have to avoid dunes to keep the rover from getting stuck. Right: Horizontal structures in the canyon may or may not present difficulties for the rover. Crossing sand dune Horizontal structures Generated paths (bottom left) compared to the actual path of the rover. Mission scientists consider many factors in deciding where to send the rover. Least-cost paths can be used as guidelines. Curiosity’s Location 11/30/2012 Looking east into Glenelg, sol 102 “During a Thanksgiving break, the 11/18/2012 team will use Curiosity's Mast Camera (Mastcam) from Point Lake to examine possible routes and targets to the east. A priority is to choose a rock for the first use of the rover's hammering drill, which will collect samples of powder from rock interiors.” 11/20/2012 Mission scientists use ground photos, orthophotos, and DEMs to help decide where to send the rover. Panorama looking east from Rocknest, October/November 2012 Elevation data allow us to calculate vital information. The numbers show the true three-dimensional lengths of the path segments. They account for elevation changes along the path. Exporting the path to Google Mars allows one to easily pan, zoom, and rotate the scene. The high resolution images reveal the details of the terrain that the path passes through. A) Generating least-cost paths on a 3-D surface is comparatively easy. B) Constructing an accurate 3-D surface is not. Recommendation: If you intend to conduct a similar analysis, plan to spend most of your time preparing the surface. Take a rigorous approach to adjusting and merging the DEMs. C) Least-cost paths can provide vital information when planning long traverses over a 3-D surface (no matter what planet you’re on). .