JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 1076-5131 Geomorphometric analysis using remote sensing and GIS mapping in Kundapura Taluk, Udupi District, Karnataka, India. Poojashree. B .P#1 and H. Gangadhara Bhat*2 Research Scholar Chairman & Professor Dept. of Marine Geology Mangalore University [email protected] [email protected] Abstract: For the current research, a drainage morphometric assessment of Kundapura taluk in the district of Udupi was selected. Geospatial instruments, such as remote sensing and GIS, are used for watershed cultivation and drainage networks. ASTER data was used for morphometric evaluation of groundwater and analysis of multiple morphometric parameters. Pioneering techniques such as Horton and Strahler have analyzed and assessed the morphometric parameters of Kundapura taluk. Further dividing the full research region into four sub-watersheds, SW-1, SW-2, SW-3 and SW-4. These sub-watersheds can be drawn up with development and management schemes to sustainably preserve natural resources with instant impact, eventually resulting in soil and water conservation, including drainage density, slope, water output ability, groundwater opportunities, soil, wasteland, irrigated region and forest cover. The data set can be used in watershed morphometric studies for instructional reasons and potential study. The information indicate the connection between the surfaces and the groundwater subsurface. The information could be used in the capacity of groundwater management. Keywords: Prioritization, sub-watersheds, sustainable development Remote Sensing and GIS Introduction Morphometry is characterized as the estimation and numerical examination of the setup of the Earth's surface, and the shape and measurements of its landforms. The development of a drainage system over space and time is affected by a few factors, for example, geology, structural components topography, geomorphology, soil and vegetation of a territory through which it pour out. Strahler (1964) reported that morphometric analysis of river basin provides a quantitative description of the drainage system, which is an important aspect of the characterization of basins. It is vital in any hydrological examination like evaluation of groundwater potential, groundwater management, basin management and ecological appraisal. A range of hydrological occurrence is correlated with the physiographic characteristics of a drainage basin such as size, shape, slope of the drainage area, drainage density, size and length of the contributories, etc. (Rastogi and Sharma 1976); The morphometric analysis is carried out through measurement of linear, aerial, relief, gradient of channel network which contributes ground slope of the basin (Nautiyal 1994; Magesh et al. 2012). The surface runoff and flow intensity of the drainage system is estimated using the geomorphic features associated with morphometric parameters (Ozdemir and Bird 2009). Research on basin morphometry has been carried out by Horton (1932, 1945), Miller (1953), and Strahler (1964). Application of remote sensing provides a reliable source for the preparation of various thematic layers for morphometric analysis. The digital elevation data is used for generating the elevation model of a landscape to any extent. The resolution of the image may vary with respect to the satellite sensors. The processed DEM is used for generating the stream network and other supporting layers (Martz and Garbrecht 1992; Mesa 2006; Magesh et al. 2011; Moharir and Pande 2017; Mokarram et al. 2015; Mokarram and Sathyamoorthy 2015; Michael and Samanta 2016; Jothibasu and Anbazhagan 2016; Ghosh and Kanchan 2016; Nair at el .2017) A detailed study of morphometric analysis of an area is great help in understanding the influence of drainage morphometry on landforms and their characteristics. The present study area describes the process to calculate the various geomorphometric parameters and also to derive some geomorphologic variables of Kundapura Taluk, Uduppi District, Karnataka, India. Volume VI, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:3530 JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 1076-5131 Methodology In the present study, morphometric characteristics such as linear, aerial, and relief aspect parameters have been prepared using digital satellite images and ancillary data. Geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing techniques are used as convenient tools to generate spatial variation in morphometric variables. Remote sensing data obtained from sensors such as ASTER data of 30 m resolution is the Digital Elevation model used. GIS software was used to extract drainage networks, and to generate drainage basin characteristics. More specifically, the drainage networks and geometry of Kundapura Taluk is extracted by using the hydrology toolbox of the ArcGIS software. The automated method for delineating drainage was done in GIS according to the steps outlined by Strahler (1964), (Schumm, 1956), (Nooka ratnam et al., 2005) and (Miller, 1953). The extracted basin and stream network are projected to the regional projection (WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N). Morphometric parameters were computed in the GIS environment using the standard mathematical formulae given in Table 1. Prioritization rating of all the four sub-watersheds of Kundapura taluk is carried out by calculating the compound parameter values. The sub-watershed with the lowest compound parameter value is given the highest priority. Fig 1 Landsat Imagery (24.03.2018) of the study area Volume VI, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:3531 JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 1076-5131 Results and Discussion The morphometric parameters were divided into three categories: linear, aerial, and relief aspect parameters, and were computed to determine morphometric and hydrologic properties. The watershed is divided into four sub–watersheds with codes SWS1 to SWS 4 The results of the morphometric parameters are presented in Table 2. Table 1. Methodology adopted for computation morphometric parameters Morphometric Parameters Formula References Linear aspect 1 Stream number (Nu) Number of stream segments Strahler (1952) 2 Stream order (Nu) Hierarchical rank Strahler (1964) 3 Stream length (Lu) Length of the stream Horton (1945) 4 Basin length (Lb) Straight-line distance from a basin’s mouth Horton (1932) to the point on the water divide intersected by the projection of the direction of the line through the source of the main stream. 5 Mean stream length(LSM) MSL = Lu/Nu, Lu = Total stream length of Strahler (1964) order ‘‘u,’’ Nu = Total no. of stream segments of order ‘‘u’’ 6 Bifurcation ratio (Rb) Rb = Nu/Nu +1; Nu = Total no. of stream Schumm (1956) segments of order ‘‘u’’; Nu+ 1 = No. of segments of next higher order Areal aspect 7 Drainage density (Dd) Dd = Lu/A; Lu = Total stream length of all Horton (1932) orders (km); A= Area of the basin (km2) 8 Stream frequency (Fs) Fs = N/A where, N=Total number of streams; Horton (1932) A=Area of watershed 9 Drainage intensity (Di) Di = Fs/Dd; Where, Fs = Stream frequency; Faniran (1968) Dd = Drainage density 10 Texture Ratio (T) 푅푡=푁1/푃 where,N1=Total number of first Horton, 1945 order streams; P=Perimeter of watershed 11 Elongation ratio (Re) Re=2√(A/ π)/Lb; A = Area of the basin Schumm (1956) (km2); Lb = Basin length 12 Form factor (Ff) 퐹푓=퐴/퐿푏2 Where, Lb is the basin length (km) Horton (1932) and A is the area of the basin (km2). 13 Circularity index (Rc) Rc=4πA/P2 ;where, A=Area of watershed, Miller (1953) π=3.14, P=Perimeter of watershed 14 Length of overland flow (Lg) Lg = ½Dd where, Dd=Drainage density Horton (1945) 15 Constant of Channel Maintenance Lof = 1/Dd where, Dd=Drainage density Schumm (1956) (Ccm) 16 Drainage texture (T) Dt = Nu/P; Nu = Total no. of streams of all Horton (1945) orders; P = Perimeter (km) 17 Compactness coefficient (Cc) Cc = 0.2821 P/ A 0.5; where, Gravelius, 1914 P=Perimeter of basin, A = Area of basin Relief aspect Volume VI, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:3532 JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 1076-5131 18 Basin relief (R) R = Hmax - Hmin Strahler (1952) 19 Relief ratio (Rr) Rh = R/Lb; R = Total relief (relative relief) Schumm (1956) of the basin (m); Lb = Basin length 20 Ruggedness number(Rn) Rn = Dd * (R /1000) Patton & Baker R= Basin relief (1976) Dd= Drainage density 21 Gradient ratio(Gr) Rg = (Z - z) / Lb Sreedevi (2004) Lb= Basin length 22 Melton Ruggedness ratio (MRn) MRn = H / A0.5 Melton (1965) 23 Relative relief (Rhp) Rhp = (R*100) / P, where P is perimeter in Huggett and metres Cheesman (2002) 24 Shape factor (Bs) 푘=퐿푏2/A Where, Lb is the basin length (km) Horton (1956) and A is the area of the basin (km2). 25 Leminscate(K) 푘=퐿푏2/A Where, Lb is the basin length (km) Chorely (1957), and A is the area of the basin (km2). Table: 2 Result of Morphometric analysis SWS-1 SWS-2 SWS-3 SWS-4 S. No Parameter (Venkatapur) (Kollur) ( Haladi) ( Sita) 1 Area Sq.Km(A) 603.03 630.05 139.61 190.76 2 Perimeter Km (P) 146.19 135.49 124.62 71.15 3 Total stream order (Nu) 202 813 739 149 4 Total stream length (Lu) 208.57 661.05 651.29 123.38 5 Basin length (Lb)km 12.81 32.09 40.93 6.72 6 Mean stream length(LSM) 1.03 0.81 0.88 0.82 7 Mean Bifurcation ratio (Rbm) 2.49 4.11 1.84 2.15 Areal aspect 8 Drainage density (Dd) 2.89 0.95 0.21 1.55 9 Stream frequency (Fs) 0.968 1.229 1.135 1.208 10 Drainage intensity (Di) 0.335 1.289 5.295 0.781 11 Texture Ratio (T) 0.70 3.04 3.00 1.27 12 Elongation ratio (Re) 2.163 0.88 0.325 2.319 13 Form factor (Ff) 3.67