PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR A CONSTRUCTIVIST AND INSTITUTIONALIST RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND AUSTRALIA BY GYULA TOTH Bachelor of Arts in English Literature/Bachelor of Science in Geography Bachelor of Arts with Honours in European Studies University of Canterbury: National Centre for Research on Europe Christchurch - New Zealand Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in European Studies 2014 ii Table of contents Table of contents....................................................................................................................ii Abstract...................................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgement .............................................................................................................viii List of tables & abbreviations...........................................................................................ix Chapter One: Introduction 1.1. Thesis about the international relationship between the European Union and Australia: A sociological constructivist and sociological institutionalist approach..............................1 1.2. Methodology of the thesis.....................................................................................................4 1.3. Objectives for the research of the thesis...............................................................................5 Chapter Two: Sociological constructivism and sociological institutionalism in international relations, and in the EU-Australia cooperation 2.1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................6 2.2. A dangerous Hobbesian world: Australian involvements in the European war theatres.........................................................8 2.3. John Locke’s theory of social contract: European world colonisation and its effect on Australia....................................................11 2.4. John Stuart Mill and liberty: Europeanisation, globalisation and its effect on Australia..................................................14 2.5. Immanuel Kant’s permanent peace: EU-Australia relationship in an era of peace and environmental sustainability.................17 2.6. Empiricist and rational foundationalist epistemology.........................................................20 2.7. Neorealism and intergovernmentalism...............................................................................22 iii 2.8. Neoliberalism and neofunctionalism..................................................................................26 2.9. Methods and debates...........................................................................................................28 2.10. Scientific realism...............................................................................................................40 2.11. Environmental theory........................................................................................................42 2.12. Sociological constructivism and sociological institutionalism in the EU-Australia international relationship............................................................................47 2.13. Conclusion.........................................................................................................................65 Chapter Three: The sociological foundations of constructivism in the development of the EU-Australia relationship 3.1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................71 3.2. Norms, values and normative principles in the European Union and in Australia.............72 3.3. Sociological constructionism and sociological constructivism in the European Union and in Australia........................................................................................................83 3.4. Using social constructivist ontology and epistemology to analyse the European Union-Australia international relationship.........................................................................90 3.5. Identity and culture of the European Union and Australia, and in the European Union-Australia cooperation.............................................................................109 3.6. Structuration of the European Union and Australia, and through the European Union-Australia cooperation............................................................................129 3.7. Agency and structure in the EU-Australia international relationship...............................157 3.8. Conclusion.........................................................................................................................160 Chapter Four: Shared values and divergent issues between the European Union and Australia 4.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................166 4.2. Shared values between the European Union and Australia: Development of the EU-Australia cooperation and trade relations..................................167 iv 4.3. The EU-Australia cooperation in science.........................................................................183 4.4. The EU-Australia cooperation in higher education..........................................................186 4.5. The EU-Australia cooperation in environmental sustainability and ecotourism..............189 4.6. The EU-Australia cooperation in peace and security........................................................192 4.7. Divergent issues between the European Union and Australia: Framework Trade and Cooperation Agreement proposal in 1996....................................195 4.8. The European Union's Human Rights Clause requirement..............................................199 4.9. Australian agriculture and the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy..................................202 4.10. Conclusion........................................................................................................................207 Chapter Five: A constructivist analysis of the 1997 European Union-Australia Joint Declaration 5.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................212 5.2. Preamble............................................................................................................................213 5.3. Common goals..................................................................................................................214 5.4. Dialogue and cooperation.................................................................................................216 5.5. Framework for dialogue and consultations.......................................................................220 5.6. Conclusion.........................................................................................................................221 Chapter Six: Australia and the European Union: an agenda for cooperation (2003-2008) 6.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................223 6.2. Security and strategic issues.............................................................................................224 v 6.3. Trade and transport...........................................................................................................226 6.4. Education and technology.................................................................................................228 6.5. Development cooperation, migration and asylum............................................................230 6.6. Conclusion.........................................................................................................................231 Chapter Seven: A constructivist analysis of the 2008 European Union-Australia Partnership Framework 7.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................233 7.2. Strengthening cooperation in shared foreign policy interests..........................................235 7.3. Supporting the multilateral trading system and bilateral investment relationship............240 7.4. Bilateral and regional cooperation between Australia and the EU in relation to the Asia-Pacific regions .........................................................................................................243 7.5. Cooperation on climate change, energy security, and the recent socio-economic policy development of Australia.......................................................................................249 7.6. Increasing knowledge through EU studies and strengthening relationship between the EU and Australia.........................................................................................................254 7.7. Conclusion.........................................................................................................................258 Chapter Eight: A treaty-level Framework Agreement 8.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................261 8.2. The proposal for a treaty-level Framework Agreement....................................................262 8.3 The significance of treaty-negotiations between the EU and Australia.........................264