INTERNATIONAL CRYOCOOLER PROCEEDINGS CONFERENCE August 18 - 19, 1988 Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California CHAIRMAN'S MESSAGE I am pleased to enclose your copy of the proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Cryocoolers. I was honored and happy to have been chairman of this event for 1988. We had a very interesting and rewarding group of sessions covering many familiar projects as well as new emerging technologies. Papers on pulse tubes, magnetic re- frigeration and long life space components were presented to the attendees. Our setting at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California turned out to be an excellent choice. We had cool but beautiful weather with a location by the sea. Our social highlight was our banquet at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Our Naval hosts provided all that we needed as far as on- site support. The world of cryogenics is a growing technology with a rapidly expanding future in applications. Along with our previous research pr0jects.h sensors, we had a paper on medical applications and we look forward to being an integ- ral partner in applications of superconductivity. I wish to thank all the people who helped make the conference the success that it was. The authors submitted more papers than in any previous conference. Special thanks go to my co-chairman Dr. Alfred Johnson, the program com- mittee chaired by Ron White, my secretary Carol Clark, the moral support of my co-workers, the administrative support of personnel of the Universal Technology Corporation especially Faye Geidner and Jill Jennewine, and Howard Wolf of the Air Force acoustic fatigue group for his support in publishing these proceedings. Without the help of these and many others, we would not have achieved the success that we did. On a personal note, I was transfered on 28 Aug 1988 to a new assignment in the acoustic fatigue group of the Aeronautical Systems Division. I regret no longer being in cryogenics and will miss the conference and particularly the outstanding individuals that are the attendees. I will follow your progress in cryogenics and hope that your next conference in 1990, chaired by Dr. Peter Kerney of CTI Co:cp, will present more breakthroughs and applications than ever be£ ore. Paul Lindquist Chairman, Cryocoolers-5 GENERAL INFORMATION Conference Committee CHAIRMEN Paul Lindquist AFWAL/FDSG Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-6553 5 l3/255-5229 ~lfredJohnson M4/929 Aerospace Corp . P.O. Box 92957 Los Angeles CA 90009 PROGRAM COMMITTEE Ronald White, Chairman, AFWAL/FIEED Peter Kerney, CTI-Cryogenics Otto C. Ledford, Advanced Technology W. George Patton, D.T. Naval Ship R&D Center Ray Radebaugh, National Bureau of Standards George Robinson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology CONFERENCE COORDINATORS Faye Geidner Jill Jennewine Universal Technology Corporation 4031 Colonel Glenn Highway Dayton OH 45431-1600 513/426-8530 ADVISORY BOARD John Barclay, Astronautics Stephen Castles, NASA/Goddard Gordon Davey, University of Oxford, U.K. Andre DeVilliers, Riverside Research Yoshihiro Ishizaki, Japan, Consultant Ralph Longsworth, APD-Cryogenics Martin Nisenoff, Naval Research Laboratory Samuel Russo, Hughes Aircraft Co. Joseph Smith, MIT Michael Superczynski, D.T. Naval Ship R&D Center Walter Swift, Creare R&D Inc. Klaus Timmerhaus, University of Colorado Graham Walker, General Pneumatics Corp. CONTENTS Recent Developnents in Joule-TRcmson Cooling: Gases, Coolers and CaTp1~3~sors:W.A. Little ..................... 3 Developrrent and Testing of an 80 X Bride Sorption CryPcooler: Stem aard and Jack A. ones ................... 13 A Non-Clogghg, %aperatme-Sensitive, Closed-Cycle Link-Harpson Cryocooler: K. lkkgazd, G. Walker and S. Zylstra ......... 25 Developent of a Hybrid Gifford-MdWxm Joule-Tharpson Based Neurumgnetanetero cryOsquidTM*: D.S. Wlchanan, D.N. PauLson, G.A.KLemicardS. J.Williarson.. ................ 35 The Ebgnetocaloric Effect in Erbiun: COB. Zimn, P.L. Krdl and J.A. Barclay, G.FQeenandW.G. Patton .............. 49 Perfonmnce Results of a Iau-Tbtpemtum Magnetic Fkfri~erator: J.A. Barclay, C.K. Capermi, C.R. Cross, J.A. Hertel. D.D. Hill, S.R. Jaeger, S.F. KrdL, F.C. Pre.nger, T.M. Stankey. J.R. Trueblood andC.B.Zimn ........................... 59 A Finite Element Model of an Expxhental Magnetocahsic Refrigezator: Geoffrey Green and Erwin Schmeder ......... 69 Rqenerative Magnetic Wfrigeratbn Over the lkqemture Range of 4.2t015K: F.J.CoqsuRll, J.L. 31'1ith, Js. andY.Iwasa.. ... 81 -ts for -tic Fkfrigeration and a PracticdL Device: lhxms J. Hofler .......................... 93 Thermally Actuated Pulse Tube wfrigerator: M. KanekD and Y. Matsubm ........................... 103 Optimization of a PuLse 'I+&e *fri~erator for a F'ixed Carpressor Svvept Volune: Ray FM&augh, Kanchan (2mdhuy and Janes Zm.......................... 113 Alternative Methods of tire Orifice Pulse Tube Refrigerator: Y. Bbtsubara and A. Miyake ..................... 127 -Stage Pulse Tube Mrigerator: Yuan Zhou, Wenxiu Zhu and JingtaoThng ........................... 137 SESSION N - STIRLING REFRIGERATORS I ................. 145 Iang Life Stirling Cryucooler for Space Fgplications: R. McFarlane, C.S. Keung, M.A. Shaik and M. Starr ..........147 Search for Anadasly High Pressure Drops in the &generators of Ice Cryoooolers: John Hess and Mark Kushnir ............157 Developnent of a Miniature Cryocooler for SI(IN) - IR Detector Ppplication: Martin Bareiss and HerkPst Korf ............165 SESSION V - AWAXED TMHNOLCX;Y .................... 175 Scroll Heliun Carpressor for Cryogenic Applications: John E. Mdhllou* .........................177 Use of an Electric Field Gradient Instead of Gravity to Cbtain a Suitable %-RICHJ~HE-RICH Interface in the Mixing Charber of a Dilution *frige.rator: U.E. Isradsson, D. Petrac, H.W. Ja&son and D.M, Strayer . , ...................187 Benml Efficiency of a Zero-G Dilution Wfricprator: PatR.Rmch ............................195 PerEommnce of the Philips Usfa Stirling Cycle Cooler: R.J. de Putt- ...........................205 Wti-Stage Cryoamler Ferfonmnce arrd Stage Efficiency Predictions: Christina L. Cain ...................215 Closed Ioop Tenperatur?e Control for IR System Applications: W.J.Gully .............................227 Vibration Spectra of a G-M cryoc0ole.r with Various PCRRf Supplies: .Bbses Hinta and Jim Stolz ......................237 System Design of a Cqogmic Tlxsnal Wls: Willhn Burt and DavidIiustvedt ......,.............,......247 Integrated Cooler/lkwar Structmes for Detector Array Cooling in In£- Systems: Mar3cKushnir and Charles S. Naimall ..,.....................257 CONTENTS (CONT.) safety Considexations in Operating Dip Tube mess 1OK and 3K Closed-cuCle Cryoooolers: Calvin Winter and Andrzej Swiecicki . 283 Exlergy Analysis of a Cqogenic Hybrid Refrigerator: John Ahern . , . 291 SESSION VIII - STIRLING -(;ERA- I1 . , . 301 Alternatives to tkmi-Steady Flaw Description: Jahn Hess andMarkKushnir . 303 Transfer Line Heating in Stirling &£rigerators: Mark Hanes and Larrysobel............................ 313 SESSION I J-T COOLING CHAIRPERSON: E. EDELSACK VICE CHAIRPERSON: P. KERNEY RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN JOULE-THOMSON COOLING: GASES, COOLERS AND COMPRESSORS W. A Little Physics Department Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 During the past several years some striking advances have been made in the performance of miniature Joule-Thomson refrigerators. They can now be fabricated in a wide range of shapes and sizes and can be made with several gas circuits and multiple stages of expansion. These features allow the refrigerators to operate at low temperatures with good efficiency. A major breakthrough has occurred in cooling technology through the development of certain hydrocarbon-nitrogen gas mixtures for JT cooling, with cooling capacities as much as ten times that of pure nitrogen, yet have a boiling point close to that of nitrogen itself. The gases are safe to use and are non- flammable. This makes possible low pressure operation of compressors in closed cycle systems and greatly extends the operational utility of Joule- Thomson refrigerators. These and other developments in JT refrigerator technology are reviewed. Introduction It was just over ten years ago, at an earlier meetings of this group1 that the possibility of developing microminiature, Joule-Thomson (JT) refrigerators of sufficiently small size to be useful for cooling superconducting devices in a miniature, ambient temperature package, was suggested. This and a great deal more has been accomplished since that timez. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss these developments and, in particular, Lo discuss those developments which have occurred in the past few years since this subject3 was last reviewed. Cooling is achieved in a JT refrigerator by passing high pressure gas through a counter- current heat exchanger, expanding it to lower pressure thereby causing it to cool by the Joule-Thomson effect, and then passing the cold gas back through the heat exchanger to pre- cool the incoming gas, before exiting the refrigerator. The system needs, in addition to the heat exchanger and expansion valve, which are usually referred to as the "refrigerator", some means for recompressing the gas, and of cleaning and drying it so as to prevent condensation of impurities in the refrigerator. In discussing the system we will focus first on the refrigerators, then on the gases used as the working fluids, then on the deaning process and finally on the compressors needed to provide a continuous source of high pressure gas. Microminiature