Colorado Measures of Academic Success Grade 4 Social Studies Paper Practice Resource for Students Sample Sources – Use with Sample Items Copyright © 2019 Colorado Department of Education. All rights reserved. The CDE logo is a trademark of the Colorado Department of Education. Page 2 Paper Practice Resource for Students Sample Sources Overview The sources in this document provide information that is used to respond to performance event items in the Sample Items document. Page 3 Page 4 SOURCE SET 1 Page 5 Directions: Read Sources 1 through 5 about Josephine Roche and Coal Mining to answer questions 4 through 9 in your test book. Josephine Roche and Coal Mining Source 1 This passage is about a woman who helped improve conditions for coal miners. Josephine Roche and Coal Mining In the late 1800s and early 1900s, people used coal to heat their homes and fuel their trains. Mining coal was not cheap. Miners needed expensive equipment to dig underground. Large companies could afford to mine for coal. These companies hired coal miners to work in the mines. Miners dug tunnels deep underground to find the coal. The tunnels were dangerous because the earth above could fall. It was so dangerous that when Josephine Roche was a child and asked to visit a coal mine, her father—a mine director—told her that she could not. Josephine Roche remembered this as she grew older. She wondered how mines could be safe for workers if they were not safe for her. Long hours made workers tired, and safety was always a concern. Mine owners wanted to make as much money as possible, so they forced miners to work long hours for little money. Sometimes miners would go on strike, or stop working, to try to get mine owners to make changes. In 1928, Josephine Roche took charge of the Rocky Mountain Fuel Company. She did things differently than her father. She paid the workers more money. She paid more than any other mine in Colorado. She also shortened work hours. These changes made her workers happy but angered other mine owners. They did not want to spend money to make these changes too. Page 6 Josephine Roche and Coal Mining Source 2 This chart shows the population of some mining towns in Colorado between 1880 and 1930. Population of Colorado Coal-Mining Towns Year Boulder Erie Gunnison Lafayette Longmont 1880 3,069 358 888 0 773 1890 3,330 662 1,105 410 1,543 1900 6,150 697 1,200 970 2,201 1910 9,539 596 1,026 1,892 4,256 1920 11,006 697 1,329 1,815 5,848 1930 11,223 930 1,415 1,842 6,029 Page 7 Josephine Roche and Coal Mining Source 3 These photos show coal mining in Colorado. The photos show what it was like to work in coal mines and how coal was transported. Coal Mines and Transportation Kubler — © Denver public Library — © Denver Kubler Coal Miner, Gunnison County, Colorado, 1913 Colorado Coal Mining — © Denver Coal Mining — © Denver Colorado Public Library Rocky Mountain Fuel Company Loading Station, sometime between 1920 and 1940 Page 8 Josephine Roche and Coal Mining Source 4 This timeline shows important events in Colorado coal mining. Coal Mining in Colorado, 1859–1938 1859 Coal is discovered southeast of Boulder. Coal mined in Lafayette is sold in Denver. 1866 First coal mine in Erie area is opened. 1871 Boulder Valley Railroad is built. 1890 Rocky Mountain Fuel Company is opened. 1896 Mining companies start using steel in tunnels and mine shafts to keep the mines from caving in. 1912 New breathing equipment is used in mines. 1918 Colorado coal production reaches over 12 million tons per year. 1930 First metal helmets for coal miners are used. 1938 First shuttle cars [cars on railroad tracks] are used to move coal out of mines. Page 9 Josephine Roche and Coal Mining Source 5 This map shows the locations of coal mines in two Colorado counties. Coal Mines in Boulder and Weld Counties, around 1920 N W E Longmont Grant S Mine Boulder Frederick County Erie Weld Columbine County Boulder Mine Lafayette Louisville Standard Mine Vulcan Superior Mine Adams to Denver County Industrial Mine Colorado Counties LEGEND = Rocky Mountain Fuel Company mines = rail line = highway = county line = town End of the Josephine Roche and Coal Mining Sources. This is the end of Source Set 1. Page 10 SOURCE SET 2 Page 11 Directions: Read Sources 1 through 4 about The Colorado Silver Boom to answer questions 4 through 9 in your test book. The Colorado Silver Boom Source 1 The Colorado Silver Boom In the 1870s and 1880s, Colorado experienced a silver boom. The boom was like the earlier gold rush. Prospectors found large amounts of silver in the Rocky Mountains. A silver boom began. Miners dug mines. Towns started up around the mines. Merchants opened shops in the mining towns. Also in the 1870s and 1880s, many miles of railroad track were built in Colorado. Some parts of Colorado had tried earlier to get companies to build railroads, but they were too expensive. Once the silver boom began, railroad companies were willing to connect more areas by rail. The boom gave them more chances to make money from Colorado’s precious natural resource, silver. The population of Colorado increased rapidly in the late 1800s. This was mostly because of the silver boom and the railroads. Vocabulary Prospectors—people who explore mountains and other wildernesses for precious metals Merchants—people who sell goods to others Page 12 The Colorado Silver Boom Source 2 Silver Processing These are New York newspaper illustrations of silver processing in Black Hawk, Colorado, 1874. After silver is removed from rock, it is separated from other metals, melted into bricks, and shipped out on trains. Boom 'Smelting Ore in Colorado": Silver Colorado & Early Newspapers, Hughes Rare Courtesy of Timothy www.RareNewspapers.com Boom 'Smelting Ore in Colorado": Silver Colorado & Early Newspapers, Hughes Rare Courtesy of Timothy www.RareNewspapers.com Page 13 The Colorado Silver Boom Source 3 Transportation During the Silver Boom The map shows the route of the first Transcontinental Railroad, 1869. Soon afterward, the people of Colorado built a smaller railroad linking Denver to the Transcontinental Railroad. Trains During the Silver Boom Denver N EW S Silverton RR. Engine #100 © Denver Public Library RR. Engine #100 © Denver Silverton LEGEND A Silverton, Colorado train that carried silver from the mines, = route of the 1888. Other railroads carried the Transcontinental Railroad silver to larger cities in Colorado. = capital Page 14 Travel by Pack Train and Mule Pack Train on Henson Creek / Public Domain Train Pack Public Library Old Prospector -© Denver Pack train through Colorado Prospector on Colorado mountain mountains in late 1800s peak between 1870 and 1890 Page 15 The Colorado Silver Boom Source 4 Merchants and Services During the Silver Boom Colorado Silver Boom Chestnut Street in Leadville, Silver Colorado / Alamyy CO – © North Wind Pictures Archives Street in Leadville, Colorado, during the 1870’s mining boom. Mining towns usually had restaurants, hotels, and stores. Page 16 Tabor theater interior - © Denver Public Library theater interior - © Denver Tabor The inside of the Tabor Grand Opera House, built in 1879 in Denver, Colorado, by Horace Tabor. Tabor made his fortune from silver mines that he owned in Leadville, Colorado. In addition to operas, the opera house hosted plays and concerts. It was advertised as “the largest and best, West of the Mississippi!” End of the Colorado Silver Boom Sources. This is the end of Source Set 2. Page 17 Page 18 SOURCE SET 3 Page 19 Directions: Read Sources 1 through 4 about National Monuments to answer questions 4 through 9 in your test book. National Monuments Source 1 Why Do We Have National Monuments? The United States Congress passed a law called the American Antiquities1 Act in 1906. This act has three main parts. 1. The act made it against the law to remove or destroy important objects on land owned by the government. 2. The act allowed the president to create national monuments. 3. The act allowed scientists to study the important historical or scientific places and objects on government land. 1Antiquities (pronounced An-ti-quit-eez) very old or ancient objects Page 20 National Monuments Source 2 Location of Florissant Fossil Beds N Woodland 24 Park W E Lake George Florissant S 24 Divide Florissant Fossil 24 Colorado Beds National 1 Springs Monument Manitou Springs 24 Guffey Cripple Creek 25 Victor 5 miles LEGEND = city = state or interstate highway = national monument Page 21 National Monuments Source 3 Welcome to the Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument Florissant Fossil Beds became a national monument in 1969 to preserve 34- million- year- old fossils. The monument gives the public a look into the past. Some interesting things to see are the Hornbek Homestead, the fossils, and the Petrified Forest. The Petrified Forest used to be a forest long ago. In this area, over time, minerals replaced the wood, and the material became stone with the appearance of wood. The Florissant Valley National Park Service/Public Domain The Hornbek Homestead FPO Service/Public Domain National Park Page 22 Butterfly Fossil Service/Public Domain National Park Three Petrified Redwoods Service/Public National Park Domain Page 23 National Monuments Source 4 The Hornbek Homestead The U.S. Congress passed the Homestead Act in 1862. The act gave people ownership of 160 acres of land. To get land, the Homestead Act required that a person: • be a U.S. citizen • be the leader of a family • be at least 21 years old • live on the land for at least 5 years In July 1866, Adeline Hornbek received land through the Homestead Act.