Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1995 The outhS and American Foreign Policy, 1894-1904: Regional Concerns During the Age of Imperialism. Marshall E. Schott Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Schott, Marshall E., "The outhS and American Foreign Policy, 1894-1904: Regional Concerns During the Age of Imperialism." (1995). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 6134. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/6134 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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THE SOUTH AND AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1894-1904: REGIONAL CONCERNS DURING THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillm ent of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Marshall E. Schott B.A., Baylor University, 1986 M.A., Louisiana State University, 1989 December 1995 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 9618324 UMI Microform 9618324 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation represents the culmination of many years of work and reflects the combined contributions of hundreds of scholars, librarians, archivists, friends, and family. For assisting me in research in primary materials, I gratefully acknowledge the help provided by the staffs of the following institutions: Alabama Department of Archives and History; Manuscript Department, University of Alabama Library; Tuttwiler Collection, Birmingham Public Library; Manuscript Department, Perkins Library, Duke University; Special Collections, Emory University Library; Special Collections, University of Georgia Library; Manuscript Division, Library of Congress; Manuscript Department, Hill Memorial Library, Louisiana State University; Mississippi Department of Archives and History; North Carolina Department of Archives and History; Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina; South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina; Louisiana Historical Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University, and the Manuscript Department, Alderman Library, Univeristy of Virginia. At Louisiana State University, Faye Phillips of Hill Memorial Library and Robbie Ruiz at Middleton Library deserve special thanks for their efforts. Many debts were accrued in the Department of History at Louisiana State University. For their comraderie, I thank the other students in the Department who shared my burdens and made my studies more enjoyable. On more than a few occasions, their encouragement and advice provided the resolve to continue this study. Special thanks go to Dr. Ronald Barr, now of Chester College, England, whose acquaintance I made as a first year graduate student at L.S.U., and whose personal and professional friendship has ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. been one of the more rewarding outcomes of my academic experience. Mrs. Peggy Seale of the History Department also merits my sincerest thanks for providing invaluable logistical support. I would also like to thank the dedicated faculty of the History Department at L.S.U. for the time and effort they have spent with me on this project. The late Dr. Mark Carleton, Dr. Burl Noggle, Dr. Stanley Hilton, and Dr. Paul PaskofF, read all or part of this dissertation, and their contributions have improved the final product immeasurably. Although a political scientist, Dr. Wayne Parent provided greater historical insight into this study than he will ever know. For his contributions, I am grateful. There are no superlatives to characterize the quality of the advise and guidance I received from my graduate adviser, Dr. Gaines Foster. Over the years, he has been both my staunchest critic and advocate. With this humble acknowlegment, I thank him for his dedication, cooperation, and friendship. A fellowship provided by the Department of History and the T. Harry Williams Foundation allowed for a research trip to numerous southern archives and the Library of Congress. My most sincere thanks go to my family who has persevered with me during the completion of this study. To my late father and mother, I thank them for the constant encouragement to fulfill a dream to study the past. And heartfelt thanks to my wife, whose love and companionship fulfills my dreams of the present. 111 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments........................................................................................................... ii List of Tables ................................................................................................................... v Abstract ...........................................................................................................................vi Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 A Foreign Policy of Hope: The South and Economic Uplift....................8 2 Dollars and Culture: The South, Venezuela and Hawaii........................34 3 The South and the Cuban Revolution, 1895-1896............................. 70 4 The South and the Drift Toward War, 1897-1898 ............................... 104 5 The South and the Declaration of War, 1898...................................... 144 6 The South and the Philippine Question: Commercial Promise and Cultural Challenge.................................... 175 7 The South, the Orient, and the Canal: The Triumph of the Neo-Colonial Perspective ..................................231 Conclusions................................................................................................................. 267 Notes............................................................................................................................272 Selected Bibliography ..................................................................................................310 Vita..............................................................................................................................329 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES 1. Prices of Selected Southern Commodities, 1890-1894..................................... 13 2. Value of U.S. Imports and Exports to Selected Countries, 1894 to 1904..........26 3. Value of U.S. Imports and Exports to Great Britain and Venezuela, 1895........43 4. Quantities of Domestic Raw Cotton Exported to South America and the United Kingdom, 1893-1895 ..............................................................43 5. Commercial Cotton Crops and Exports to Great Britain, 1894-1895 ............... 43 6. Population, by Nationality, of Hawaii, 1896 ....................................................... 66 7. Southern Votes in the Senate on Ratification of the Treaty of Paris .................208 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction