International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) ISSN 2307-4531 (Print & Online) http://gssrr.org/index.php?journal=JournalOfBasicAndApplied --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Supply Chain Analysis and Marketing Efficiency of Glass Eel Caught by Fyke Net (Gorong-Gorong) in Poso River Estuary, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia Ivon Iskandar Mahia*, Mulyono Sumitro Baskorob, Sugeng Hari Wisudoc, Tri Wiji Nuranid, Budy Wiryawane aProgram of Marine Fisheries Technology, Postgraduate Programe, Bogor Agricultural University aDepartment of Fisheries Agribusiness, Faculty of Fisheries, Alkhairaat University (UNISA) Palu, Central Sulawesi, 94221, Indonesia b,c,d,eDepartment of Fisheries Resources Utilization, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University 16680, Indonesia aEmail: [email protected] bEmail: [email protected] cEmail: [email protected] dEmail: [email protected] eEmail: [email protected] Abstract Glass eel is a live product which is caught by fishermen using Fyke Net (Gororng-Gorong) at Poso River estuary, Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the supply chain and efficiency of glass eel's marketing chain. The method used in this research is case study method with qualitative approach which emphasizes on qualitative descriptive analysis. Data collection includes primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through profound interview techniques with fishermen, local collector and provincial collectors. Secondary data were obtained from related institutions. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Corresponding author. 214 International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)(2018) Volume 38, No 1, pp 214-230 Data analysis was performed by using qualitative descriptive analysis. The result showed that there are 2 (two) supply chain of glass eel, namely: (1) supply chain from fisherman to local collector merchant and then to consumer. In this supply chain, glass eel is distributed to South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi and Gorontalo; (2) supply chain from fisherman to local collector merchant to provincial collectors to collectors outside the province and to end consumers. In the second supply chain, glass eel is distributed to Jakarta, Surabaya, Makassar and Bali. Both supply chain in marketing efficient are categorized as inefficient because the fisherman’s share value is less than the marketing margin (FS<MP). Marketing efficieny is categorized as efficient if the FS value is greater than MP (FS>MP). Keywords: supply chain; efficient; market; fisherman; collector merchant; glass eel; consumer; poso. 1. Introduction Eel (Anguilla, spp) is a unique fish that can live in three aquatic environments namely; sea water, brackish water and fresh water. The larvae lives in sea waters where the eggs hatch due to fertilization. In this state, the larvae (leptocephalus) lives in the sea waters. The larvae lives in the ocean and swept away by the current up to the estuary, thus migrating to Poso river as a glass eel. It grows into elver in the river and migrating to Poso Lake until reach adulthood. After being sexually mature, they begin their migration back to the sea to spawn. Glass eel is already caught at the estuary of the Poso River. It is traded outside the Poso District as a living commodity. There are problems related to distribution process of this commodity from fishermen to end consumers (eel farmer). Eel distribution activities require research related to supply chain and marketing chain efficiency. The research related to supply chain and marketing efficiency of glass eel has not been performed in Indonesia. Although Indonesia has a huge abundance of eel resources, however the local utilization rate (domestic) of this resources are still very low. One reason is that this fish has not been widely known in Indonesia, causing the most residents of Indonesia are not familiar to eat eel fish. Similarly, the utilization of this fish for export commodity purposes are still very limited [1]. Supply chain is a series of goods/physical flows, information and processes used to deliver products or services from source locations (suppliers) to the destination locations of either the customer or the buyer [17]. Marine and fishery products have different characteristics compared to other products such as fertilizer, cement or rice. This product has a short lifespan and high level of vulnerability to the weather so special handling is required in the packaging and distribution process in order to maintain the quality of the product. The distribution process of this products are closely related to supply chain management (SCM). The essence of SCM is the integration and collaboration in supply and demand management with all parties involved in business processes [3]. A supply chain consists of activities performed by multiple actors, thus the management is not an easy task to handle. The increasing complexity of the problem should be followed by proper consideration in managing the flow of products, finances and information within the overall supply chain environment, so that the process of 215 International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)(2018) Volume 38, No 1, pp 214-230 identifying actors in the supply chain or stakeholders and describing the functions, roles and relationships between players are needed [7]. In the supply chain there are regulatory systems related to product flow, information flow and financial flows. Understanding these arrangements are important due to the number of links involved in the supply chain of fisheries commodities as well as the characteristic of fisheries which is perishable compared to other commodity products [11]. Fishermen have an important role for supplying glass eel to the farmer. Intensive production still unable to cover all of the demand for eel's juvenile from eel farmer, so that it must be met by catching wild glass eel from the nature. Local collector merchants get glass eel supply from fishermen at the price they were agreed on. They do the purchasing, packaging and transportation of live glass eel to meet the demand from outside-provincial merchant or consumer. These process, transporting glass eel commodity from producer to consumer, is called supply chain. Supply chain involves several marketing actors, starting from the manufacturer to the end consumer. The supply chain reflects the fairness for all stakeholders in glass eel's distribution. Therefore, the study related to the fairness of glass eel's distribution process, the efficiency of glass eel's supply chain by considering the selling price factor in fisherman's level, the buying price and the selling price in collector merchant and the buying price in the consumer are needed to perform. To determine the efficiency of marketing supply chain, fishermen share (FS) and marketing margin (MP) are needed. Based on the above description, it is deemed necessary to do the research related to glass eel's supply chain and marketing efficiency in Poso District, Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. 2. Methods 2.1. Time and Locations Figure 1: Research location at the estuary of Poso River, Poso. 216 International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)(2018) Volume 38, No 1, pp 214-230 This research was conducted from February 2015 to July 2015 at the estuary of Poso River, Poso Kota Utara, Poso District, Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Poso River Basin is one of glass eel fishing area. This river has a watershed of ± 1101.87 km2 with a length of ± 68.70 km [8]. The potential existence of glass eel is quite large which is characterized by intense glass eel fishing activities in the river. This is seen in the catching activities which targetting not only when adult eels are migrating to the sea, but also the glass eel migrating to the lake [10]. Intensive fishing area of glass eel is important as the starting point of distribution or supply chain. Research location is presented in Figure 1. 2.2. Data Collection This research was conducted by using case study method with qualitative approach, emphasized on explorative descriptive analysis. The case study method is a method that focuses on the facts which occur in society [14]. Data collection is done through profound interview technique with interviewees. Samples in qualitative research are not called respondents, but as interviewees or participants, informants, friends and teachers in the study [16]. Interviewees are including fishermen, local collector merchant and provincial collectors merchant. Primary data were obtained directly from the research location where the eel fishery activity is carried out by fisherman, local collector merchant and provincial collector merchant. Secondary data were obtained from government technical agencies in Poso District, Central Sulawesi Province. 2.3. Data Analysis Data analysis were performed by using supply chain analysis through observations and descriptive analysis toward supply chain condition in Bonesompe Sub-district, Poso District, Central Sulawesi Province and other Province outside of Central Sulawesi. Supply chain analysis includes study on the distribution activity of glass eel catch from the estuary of Poso River to the consumers. A marketing is said to be efficient if the farmer's share (FS) is greater than the marketing margin. FS can be obtained by comparing