Winter 2004 The BRIDGE LINKING ENGINEERING AND SOCIETY Cool Robots: Scalable Mobile Robots for Deployment in Polar Climates Laura R. Ray, Alexander D. Price, Alexander Streeter, Daniel Denton, and James H. Lever The Challenges of Landing on Mars Tommaso Rivellini The Future of Engineering Materials: Multifunction for Performance-Tailored Structures Leslie A. Momoda Modeling the Stuff of the Material World: Do We Need All of the Atoms? Rob Phillips Capturing and Simulating Physically Accurate Illumination in Computer Graphics Paul Debevec Spatial Audio Reproduction: Toward Individualized Binaural Sound William G. Gardner Promoting the technological welfare of the nation by marshalling the knowledge and insights of eminent members of the engineering profession. The BRIDGE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING Craig R. Barrett, Chair Wm. A. Wulf, President Sheila E. Widnall, Vice President W. Dale Compton, Home Secretary George Bugliarello, Foreign Secretary William L. Friend, Treasurer Editor in Chief (interim): George Bugliarello Managing Editor: Carol R. Arenberg Production Assistant: Penelope Gibbs The Bridge (USPS 551-240) is published quarterly by the National Academy of Engineering, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20418. Periodicals postage paid at Washington, DC. Vol. 34, No. 4, Winter 2004 Postmaster: Send address changes to The Bridge, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20418. Papers are presented in The Bridge on the basis of general interest and time- liness. They reflect the views of the authors and not necessarily the position of the National Academy of Engineering. The Bridge is printed on recycled paper. © 2004 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. A complete copy of each issue of The Bridge is available in PDF format at http://www.nae.edu/TheBridge. Some of the articles in this issue are also available as HTML documents and may contain links to related sources of information, multimedia files, or other content. The Volume 34, Number 4 • Winter 2004 BRIDGE LINKING ENGINEERING AND SOCIETY Editor’s Note 3 Cutting-Edge Research for a Changing World Pablo G. Debenedetti Features 5 Cool Robots: Scalable Mobile Robots for Deployment in Polar Climates Laura R. Ray, Alexander D. Price, Alexander Streeter, Daniel Denton, and James H. Lever Low-cost mobile robots can advance scientific research on the Arctic plateau. 13 The Challenges of Landing on Mars Tommaso Rivellini Each generation of landing technology addresses the challenges posed by the previous generation. 18 The Future of Engineering Materials: Multifunction for Performance-Tailored Structures Leslie A. Momoda Multifunctional materials are emerging as a new interdisciplinary field. 22 Modeling the Stuff of the Material World: Do We Need All of the Atoms? Rob Phillips From a model-building perspective, the goal is to “make things as simple as possible, but no simpler.” 28 Capturing and Simulating Physically Accurate Illumination in Computer Graphics Paul Debevec Someday we may be able to make a photoreal computer model of anything—no matter what it is made of or how it reflects light. 37 Spatial Audio Reproduction: Toward Individualized Binaural Sound William G. Gardner Sound is inherently a spatial perception. NAE News and Notes 43 NAE Newsmakers 44 NAE President Honored by ASME (continued on next page) The BRIDGE 44 2004 Annual Meeting 45 Chairman’s Remarks 47 President’s Address 51 Remarks by Eli Ruckenstein, 2004 Founders Award Recipient 53 Remarks by John Brooks Slaughter, 2004 Bueche Award Recipient 55 Opportunities and Challenges for Engineering Education as Seen from an Interdisciplinary Telecommunications Master’s Degree Program, by Frank S. Barnes 61 Call for Nominations for 2005–2006 Awards 62 Report of the Home Secretary 63 New Program Officer for the Committee on Engineering Education 63 Education Research Scholar Joins CASEE 64 CASEE Fall Student Intern 64 Janice Tsai, NAE Intern 65 Tenth U.S. Frontiers of Engineering Symposium 66 Calendar of Meetings and Events 66 In Memoriam 67 Publications of Interest The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self- The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the author- to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility ity of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional char- has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on ter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, The National Research Council was organized by the National under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its adminis- science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering tration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal gov- accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the ernment. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engi- Council has become the principal operating agency of both the neering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages edu- National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engi- cation and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of neering in providing services to the government, the public, and the engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered of Engineering. jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org 3 Editor’s Note Cutting-Edge Research in the sky-crane system that will be used in the 2009 for a Changing World Mars Science Laboratory mission. The session closed with Kent Joosten’s talk on accessing the lunar poles in Every year, NAE sponsors future human exploration. Recent robotic and earth- a Frontiers of Engineering based studies suggest that the lunar poles may offer (FOE) Symposium, which advantages in terms of thermal conditions, availability brings together some of solar energy, and access to resources. 100 outstanding, competi- Kristi Anseth and Diann Brei organized the session tively selected, young (ages on designer materials. Greg Carman explained the 30–45) engineering leaders development and potential uses of thin films of materi- from academia, industry, and als that exhibit energy coupling. Thin-film active mate- Pablo G. Debenedetti is the Class government laboratories for rials are still in their scientific infancy but may someday of 1950 Professor in Engineering three days of sharing ideas be used as sensors and actuators in applications ranging and Applied Science at Princeton and learning about cutting- from drug delivery to microfluidics. Leslie Momoda, University and an NAE member. edge research on a broad whose paper is published here, described ongoing range of engineering topics. research on performance-tailored structures that can Modern engineering is characterized by globalization, adapt their performance or morphology on demand and rapid technological change, and the crossing of interdis- the multifunctional materials that underlie such sys- ciplinary boundaries, and the emerging engineering lead- tems. Jennifer West discussed recent advances in vas- ers who attend FOE symposia represent a wide spectrum cular tissue engineering. Biomimetic strategies, of backgrounds, interests, and talents. The event offers a unique opportunity for them to learn about the fron- including genetic modification of vascular cells and pul- tiers in engineering areas other than their own. Six of satile stressing of smooth muscle cells, offer hope that the papers from this year’s symposium are included in this novel substitutes for blood vessels may be fabricated for issue of The Bridge. For the past two years, it has been my use in coronary artery bypass graft surgery, where treat- privilege to chair the FOE organizing committee, which ment options are severely limited. selects the speakers and topics for the symposium. Multiscale modeling, that is to say, the computational The tenth FOE Symposium was held September 9–11, analysis of systems with structures and dynamics that 2004, at the Beckman Center in Irvine, California. The span many length and time scales, was the topic of the program encompassed four themes: engineering for third session, organized by Dimitrios Maroudas and extreme environments, designer materials, multiscale Grant Heffelfinger. Yannis Kevrekidis discussed the modeling, and engineering and entertainment. “equation-free” modeling of complex systems, whereby The