LiNGUA Vol. 13, No. 2, December 2018 • ISSN 1693-4725 • e-ISSN 2442-3823 THEMES AND WRITING TECHNIQUES OF ‘JOURNAL OF AN ORDINARY GRIEF’ BY MAHMOUD DARWISH Akram Roshanfekr & Fahime Mousavi [email protected] University of Guilan Rasht, Iran Abstract: Today, writing biography in literature is accompanied by some advancement, namely autobiography. Mostly autobiographies imply the purpose of the writer containing several writing types including historiography, counting the days, memory writing, reportage, story writing, or travel writing. They also use techniques such as dialogue and description in order to involve the reader in the course of his life events happened. This study employs a descriptive-analytic method to ‘Journal of an Ordinary Grief’ by Mahmoud Darwish for examining its autobiographical themes and techniques. The most important result of the current study is that seven different writing techniques were applied in ‘Journal of an Ordinary Grief’. Darwish used report writing and interview method in narrating interrogations, and in this way, he presented more information about the contact style of hostile forces and their oral literature for his work's reader access. It considers the development of content in describing his life events by which he has produced a social-political autobiography. Keywords: autobiography, Mahmoud Darwish. INTRODUCTION and the manner of their usage from biography The description of literate's life of writing techniques in ‘Journal of an Ordinary oneself is a kind of literary work that literates Grief’ is presented. and men of science and art have considered it In describing the research background, and have produced a text called Fan ‘al-Sire' by Ehsan Abbas published in ‘autobiography' (Shamisa, 1996, p. 259). In the 1956 could be mentioned, the writer briefly Arabic language, ‘al-Sira al-Zatieh' or ‘al- mentioned the development of autobiography. Tarjomeh al-Zatieh' is an equivalent to Also, Maher Hassan in ‘al-Sire – Tarikh va Fan' ‘autobiography.' It is a kind of biography and a published in 1970 dealt with autobiography. branch of written text that includes history or Ibrahim Abdoldaem’s work entitled ‘al- a period of a person's life by his hand Tarjome al-Zatiye fi al-Adab al-Arabi al-Hadis’ (Abdolnour, 1979, p. 143). and Abdolaziz Sharaf’s book entitled ‘Adab al- Autobiography is a kind of biography Sire al-Zatiye' are among the two prominent and mentioning memories and daily notes, works of the '90s (Dad, 2006). letters, and events, mostly speaks about The 21st century is not empty handed in significant and considerable events of writer's the field of autobiography research. past life and generally includes a long period Abdolghader al-Shavi, Western literature's of his life (Rastegar-Fasaii, 2001, p. 284). critic, in his work entitled ‘al-Ketabat va al- Arabic autobiographies with a long Vojod' published in 2000, dealt with this history have developed a lot and have gained technique. Tahani Abdolfatah Shaker also in essential features nowadays. Therefore, the ‘al-Sire al-Zatiye fi al-Adab al-Arabi' published question of the present study was considered in 2002 by approaching Fadvi Toughan, Jabra based on the themes of Mahmoud Darwish, Ibrahim Jabra, and Ehsan Abbas works on LiNGUA Vol. 13, No. 2, December 2018• ISSN 1693-4725 • e-ISSN 2442-3823 autobiography. Mohammad al-Bardi in THEMES OF MAHMOUD DARWISH’S ‘Endama Tatakalom al-Zat – al-Sire al-Zatiye fi AUTOBIOGRAPHY al-Adab al-Arabi al-Hadis’ published in 2005 dealt with autobiography. The Sense of Belonging to the Homeland JOURNAL OF AN ORDINARY GRIEF One of the bitter events of the present Journal of an Ordinary Grief by age is Palestine's Protectorate case after Mahmoud Darwish is published by Dar al- World War I that was earned by England after Oudat of Beirut in 1988. Mahmoud Darwish Ottoman empire's fall (Shoufani, 1998, p. 362). started his book, Journal of an Ordinary Grief, Moreover, that country after 1918 during 20 with a critical introduction about Zionist years prepared the Judaization of Palestine. It regime’s policies against Arab-oriented established Zionist bureaus and Jews' citizens of occupied Palestine. It continued by migration from all over the world to Palestine explaining the reasons for rejecting those left the country under Zionists' occupation policies by Palestinians living in the occupied until Zionist Entity in May 1948 declared its regions. existence (Mosaleh, 2001, p. 10). This date The writer then continued his book by corresponded with the writer’s being seven providing open titles and using second - years old, and he observed his homeland's person pronouns pulled out an abstracted occupation from childhood along with going individual from himself and talked with him in through a terrible time. order to narrate his experienced incidents. In this way, he considered the first However, he sometimes narrated his story widespread phenomenon of his people as with the first-person pronoun as event's hero identity crisis that has happened due to and sometimes with a third-person pronoun transforming Palestinian features to Israeli as omniscient. In this way, he expanded the ones. The fewest Palestinian inhabitants who point-of-view of his story's reader from three survived racial cleansing undesirably accepted sides. In mentioning the place, he spread a Israeli citizenship. However, accepting this vast realm that included occupied Palestine's citizenship done due to force and oppression cities and villages. Moreover, he named of limited sources of livelihood of Palestinians. different regions, including land and sea, but It even more confused the people whose in expressing the events which he had country was occupied and lost their sources of experienced he dealt with some of those providing their lives. Thus, inevitably they regions. Many times, Mahmoud moved beyond were put in the cycle of livelihood effort for homeland's boundaries and took life's decline and received an inefficient autobiographical geography of the Middle identity in political fate. However, the second Eastern countries and expanded the discourse generation of under occupation Palestinians towards Europe. did not face that much decrease in the sense of In expressing his experienced incidents belonging to the homeland. As the writer says: which he had bitterly swallowed, first he "… when Israeli experts say that this new mentioned his hometown village ‘Barveh' and generation, a generation born under led to its occupation and destruction. In this occupation has the most sense of belonging to way, he made occupation the main event of his his people's affiliations and not accepting story. Then, he dealt with surrounding events Zionist Entity, they were surprised" (Darwish, and analyzed his intended social and political 1988, p. 23). issues with great skill. Then in the following, he remembered For determining the time of his story's the passion for the homeland and said: "That events, he began a while before the Zionist is a dream in reality and a reality in a dream. regime's existence declaration in 1948 and led We are not eager for an abandoned desert, but to Israel's wars with Arabs during the '50s and heaven. We are eager for human experiences in '60s. In this way, as he mostly mentioned in a homeland which belongs to us" (Darwish, his narration, he considered time events as 1988, p. 32). Although he did not seek a utopia long as 20 years and perhaps even more than and ideal city, his heaven is the occupied that. homeland that should be retaken, so he says: "The difference between lost paradise in 70 | Themes and Writing Techniques LiNGUA Vol. 13, No. 2, December 2018 • ISSN 1693-4725 • e-ISSN 2442-3823 absolute and Palestinian senses is free from Being in a League of Nations legal and psychological belonging and passion One of the efforts of Zionist Entity to the conflicted area. As long as there remains leaders is to define Palestinians' problems a conflict, the paradise is not lost; but it has within internal affairs of Israel. Using the occupied, and it can be retaken" (Darwish, known right of sovereignty of nations over 1988, p. 33). their affairs, they could prevent any intervention of international circles in Right of Nationality condemning their actions against Palestinians One of the ideas that Zionists have and ignore the return of Palestinian refugees fueled and used as their excuse for occupying to their homeland (Mosaleh, p. 84). However, Palestine is the teachings that they published due to the gradual awareness of the world's as the holy book of Jews. Accordingly, they can people and a little by little awakening of world provide the grounds for denying them after humans that policy of Zionists was not that dominating Palestine with mighty force and much successful. Therefore, in expressing his physical removal and destroying the identity observations in the 10th World Youth Festival of people who have lived there. Therefore, the held in Berlin, the writer spoke about writer says: "The birth of invaders in others' attendants’ concerns towards Palestine case: lands never makes any right of nationality for “Palestine is not a sheet in hand, taken to Berlin them. However, the birth of a nation in his land by friends. It is spiritually independent and has is the secret of that nation's immortality and its entered from main doors not mysterious legitimate right. The forced separation from windows inside diplomats' suitcases. It is the our land because of exile have produced no most important victory that the Palestinian necessary change but evolving this situation in nation has fulfilled. If the right does not equip the natural order of things. That is, the itself with the strength, it is a mental evolution of birth equation is not possible unless conversation.