The Italian Reformation outside Italy Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History General Editor Han van Ruler (Erasmus University Rotterdam) Founded by Arjo Vanderjagt Editorial Board C.S. Celenza (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore) M. Colish (Yale University) J.I. Israel (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton) A. Koba (University of Tokyo) M. Mugnai (Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa) W. Otten (University of Chicago) VOLUME 246 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bsih The Italian Reformation outside Italy Francesco Pucci’s Heresy in Sixteenth-Century Europe By Giorgio Caravale LEIDEN | BOSTON The translation of this work has been funded by SEPS (Segretariato Europeo per le Pubblicazioni Scientifiche), Via Val d’Aposa 7, I-40123 Bologna, Italy—[email protected]—www.seps.it Cover illustration: ‘Disputation with Heretics’, detail of ‘The Militant Church’, a 14th-century fresco by Andrea Bonaiuti. Santa Maria Novella, Spanish Chapel, Florence, Italy. Courtesy Scala Archives, Firenze/ Fondo Edifici di Culto – Ministero dell’Interno. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Caravale, Giorgio, author. [Profeta disarmato. English] The Italian reformation outside Italy : Francesco Pucci’s heresy in sixteenth-century Europe / by Giorgio Caravale. pages cm. — (Brill’s studies in intellectual history, ISSN 0920-8607 ; volume 246) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-24491-7 (hardback : acid-free paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-24492-4 (e-book) 1. Pucci, Francesco, 1543–1597. 2. Christian heresies—History—16th century. 3. Europe—Intellectual life— 16th century. 4. Reformation. 5. Humanism—Italy. I. Title. CT1138.P83C3713 2015 945’.07—dc23 2015023721 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0920-8607 isbn 978-90-04-24491-7 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-24492-4 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. To Stefania ∵ Contents Acknowledgements ix Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 1 Becoming a Heretic in Sixteenth-Century Florence: Francesco Pucci and His Intellectual Education 23 1 In the Labyrinth of Sources: Between History and Autobiography 23 2 Florence, the “Benefit of Christ” and the Academy 40 3 “A New Theology” 51 2 Francesco Pucci in France during the First Wars of Religion 63 1 Lyons 63 2 Paris and Its Environs. Among Florentine Exiles and Utopian Projects 71 3 An Anti-Roman Polemicist or a Masked “Papist”? 86 4 Between Heretics and Jesuits. Converting in Europe at the End of the Sixteenth-Century 92 5 Autobiography of an Encounter. John Dee and Edward Kelley 100 3 At the Gates of Paris: Henry IV and the Roman Inquisition 113 1 From Reconciliation to Flight 113 2 Pucci’s Millenarianism 115 3 Conciliarism and Latitudinarianism 123 4 “Earthly Affairs” and “Heavenly Matters” 132 4 Among Catholics and Calvinists: Francesco Pucci in Late Sixteenth- Century France 135 1 A Calvinist in ligueur Paris? 135 2 In the Wake of St Thomas 152 3 “Inhumanely Treated”. A Late Sixteenth-Century Dispute in Paris 155 4 At the Margins of the “de auxiliis” Controversy 161 5 Jean Hotman and French Irenicism 165 1 A Possible Meeting in Paris 165 2 The Reasons for an Exclusion 170 3 Irenicism or Tolerance? 182 viii contents 6 The Limits of the Kingdom of God 188 1 De Christi servatoris efficacitate (1592) 188 2 Francesco Pucci and François du Jon: Conflicting Irenicism 191 3 The Lutheran Attack 201 4 The Pelagian Error. The Catholic Reply 205 5 Bruno, Campanella and the Limits of the Kingdom of God 209 Epilogue 218 Conclusion: An Italian Heresy 225 Appendix 1 231 Appendix 2 236 Bibliography 239 Index 265 Acknowledgements The writing of this book was a protracted and complex undertaking, during which I contracted many debts of gratitude. A scholarship from the Institute of the History of the Reformation in Geneva in the now distant spring-summer of 2004 enabled me to collect precious material for the project that I was working on. Part of the book was written in the charming atmosphere of Villa I Tatti, where I was supported by a Harvard Center for Renaissance Studies fellowship during the academic year 2006–2007 and spent a period of time that was unfor- gettable in many ways. My thanks go first of all to the former Director Joseph Connors, his wife Françoise and the entire Villa staff. It was my great fortune to share this experience with a particularly closely-knit group of scholars from different backgrounds and our intellectual exchanges were soon transformed into bonds of lasting friendship. I wish to mention here Gabor Almasi, Michael Cole, Ippolita di Majo, Monique O’Connell, and Maude Vanhaelen. Other parts of the book were written in the freezing but sumptuous rooms of the University of Wisconsin-Madison Library, where I worked hard in the summer of 2007, benefiting from the friendships of Lorenzo Benadusi and John Tortorice, and also at the Newberry Library in Chicago, where I was lucky enough to work in the spring of 2008 thanks to a short-term fellowship. My thoughts go especially to John Tedeschi, always generous with his counsel and practical help, thanks to whose kindness these two experiences in America became possible. Alberto Aubert facilitated my work in every possible way. Ed Muir benevolently over- saw my studies and showed his appreciation of my work. Massimo Firpo kindly followed the work throughout, giving useful advice on the text. As usual, the book is much indebted to Gigliola Fragnito. Heartfelt thanks. Virginia Brown, Francesca Cantù, Chris Celenza, Federica Ciccolella, Michele Ciliberto, Stefano Dall’Aglio, Max Engammare, Jim Hankins, Salvatore Lo Re, Salvatore Silvano Nigro, Lino Pertile, Diego Pirillo, Adriano Prosperi and Mario Rosa contributed in different ways to the production of the book. My thoughts go to the dear memory of Antonio Rotondò, a master of heresy studies, who would have liked this subject matter. A final word of thanks goes to the library staff at the Scuola Normale in Pisa, where in addition to a large collection of books I found the peace and quiet necessary to complete the work. This is a largely revised and vastly enlarged version of my book Il profeta disarmato. L’eresia di Francesco Pucci nell’Europa del Cinquecento, published in Italian by Il Mulino in 2011. Entire paragraphs have been newly added and other parts have been re-written in a different way. A first draft of the book has been translated by Peter Dawson and a final linguistic revision has been done x acknowledgements by Frank Gordon. John Tedeschi has generously revised my own translation of the footnotes. I wanna thank all of them for their time and collaboration. I’m also very grateful to Han Van Ruler, general editor of Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History, and the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and sug- gestions. Thanks also to Chris Celenza, who first suggested the idea of this English version of the book, and thanks to Francesca Borgo who helped me finding an appropriate cover illustration. The translation of this book was par- tially sponsored by a grant from the SEPS (Segretariato Europeo per le Pubblicazioni Scientifiche). I dedicate this book with all my love to Stefania, who has known of this research project since time immemorial. Abbreviations AAS Salzburg, Archiepiscopal Archive ACDF Rome, Archivio della Congregazione per la dottrina della fede ARSI Rome, Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesus ASF Florence, Archivio di Stato BAM Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana BAV Rome, Vatican Apostolic Library BMV Venice, Biblioteca Marciana BSHPF Paris, Bibliothèque de la Société d’histoire du protestantisme français SNS, AC Pisa, Scuola Normale Superiore, Archivio Cantimori DBI Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Rome, Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Treccani, 1960- ILI Index des livres interdits, 11 voll., ed. by J.M. De Bujanda, Sherbrooke- Genève, Centre d’Études de la Renaissance, Éditions de l’Université de Sherbrooke-Librairie Droz, 1984–2002 Beneficio di Cristo: Benedetto da Mantova, Il beneficio di Cristo. Con le versioni del secolo XVI, documenti e testimonianze, ed. by S. Caponnetto, Florence- Chicago, Sansoni-The Newberry Library, 1972 Biagioni, “Universalismo”: M. Biagioni, “Universalismo e tolleranza nel pen- siero di Francesco Pucci,” in La formazione storica dell’alterità. Studi di storia della tolleranza nell’età moderna offerti a Antonio Rotondò, promoted by Henry Méchoulan, Richard H. Popkin, Giuseppe Ricuperati and Luisa Simonutti, 3. vols., Florence, Olschki, 2001, tomo I, secolo XVI, pp. 331–360 Firpo, Scritti: L. Firpo, “Gli scritti di Francesco Pucci,” in Memorie dell’Accade- mia delle Scienze di Torino, series 3°, tome 4, pars II, 1957, pp. 195–368 The Italian Reformation: The Italian Reformation of the Sixteenth Century and the Diffusion of Renaissance Culture: A Bibliography of the Secondary Literature (ca. 1750–1997), compiled by J. Tedeschi in association with J.M. Lattis, with an historiographical introduction by M. Firpo, Modena, Panini, 2000 Pucci, De praedestinatione: F. Pucci, De praedestinatione Dei, ed. by M. Biagioni, Florence, Olschki, 2000 Pucci, Efficacia salvifica: F.