European Perspective on Specific Types of Territories Applied Research 2013/1/12 Draft Final Report | Version 23/03/2012 ESPON 2013 1 This report presents the draft final results of an Applied Research Project conducted within the framework of the ESPON 2013 Programme, partly financed by the European Regional Development Fund. The partnership behind the ESPON Programme consists of the EU Commission and the Member States of the EU27, plus Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Each partner is represented in the ESPON Monitoring Committee. This report does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the members of the Monitoring Committee. Information on the ESPON Programme and projects can be found on www.espon.eu The web site provides the possibility to download and examine the most recent documents produced by finalised and ongoing ESPON projects. This basic report exists only in an electronic version. © ESPON & University of Geneva, 2011. Printing, reproduction or quotation is authorised provided the source is acknowledged and a copy is forwarded to the ESPON Coordination Unit in Luxembourg. ESPON 2013 2 List of authors Erik Gløersen, Jacques Michelet and Frédéric Giraut (Department of Geography, University of Geneva, Switzerland) Diana Borowski and Martin Price (Centre for Mountain Studies, Perth College, University of the Highland and Islands, United Kingdom) Marta Pérez Soba, Michiel van Eupen, Laure Roupioz and Rini Schuiling (Alterra, Wageningen UR (University & Research Centre), the Netherlands) Gordon Cordina, Jana Farrugia, Stephanie Vella and Alexia Zammit (E-Cubed Consultants, Malta) Ioannis Spilanis and Thanassis Kizos (University of the Aegean, Greece) Alexandre Dubois and Johanna Roto (Nordregio, Sweden) Hugo Thenint (Louis Lengrand et associés, France) Christophe Sohn, Olivier Walther and Nora Stambolic (CEPS/INSTEAD) Monika Meyer and Jan Roters (Leibniz Institute of Ecological and Regional Development – IÖR, Germany) Kathrin Kopke and Aidan O’Donoghue (Coastal & Marine Resources Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland) Wolfgang Lexer and Gebhard Banko (Federal Environment Agency, Austria) Thomas Stumm (Eureconsult, Luxembourg) ESPON 2013 3 ESPON 2013 4 Table of contents 1. Main results, trends, impacts ...................................................................... 21 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 21 1.2 Overview of delineations ............................................................................ 26 1.2.1 Mountains: Conceptual understanding and delineation .............................................. 27 1.2.2 Sparsely populated areas: Conceptual understanding and delineation ....................... 31 1.2.4. Coastal areas: Conceptual understanding and delineation ........................................... 33 1.2.5. Border areas: Conceptual understanding and delineation ............................................ 35 1.2.3 Inner peripheries ............................................................................................................ 38 1.2.4 Outermost regions: Conceptual understanding and delineation .................................. 40 1.3 Cross‐analysis of delineations ..................................................................... 42 2. Options for policy development .................................................................. 51 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 51 2.2 Diversity of preconditions and diversity of objectives ................................ 55 2.3 Nexus models as instruments for policy design ..................................... 63 3. Key analysis, diagnosis, findings and the most relevant indicators and maps76 3.1 Synthesis of quantitative findings ............................................................... 76 3.2 Synthesis of social and economic structures and trends based on “nexus diagrams” ................................................................................................... 81 3.3 Synthesis of findings from transversal themes ........................................... 89 3.4 Synthesis of findings from case studies ...................................................... 96 4. Issues for further analytical work and research, data gaps to overcome.... 106 ESPON 2013 5 Figures Figure 1 The three dimensions to be put into coherence for the exploitation of territorial development opportunities .................................................................. 24 Figure 2 Proportion of population and area covered by various types of geographic specificities (EU27) ................................................................................ 43 Figure 3 Population and area within various types of geographic specificities (ESPON space) .................................................................................................... 44 Figure 4 Proportions of population living in LAU2 within 45 minutes from the coast in the four classes of coastal regions of the ESPON typology ........................... 46 Figure 5 Identification of most relevant overlapping categories .......................... 48 Figure 6 Alternative models for the construction of ”nexus models” ................... 84 Figure 7 Nexus model for sparsely populated areas ............................................ 87 Figure 8 Synthetic Nexus model for mountain areas ........................................... 88 Figure 9 Synthetic Nexus model for islands ......................................................... 88 Figure 10 Model of socio‐economic processes in areas with a 'linear' geographic specificity: example of the Geneva CBMR ..............................................................104 Figure 11 Model of socio‐economic processes in areas with a 'linear' geographic specificity: example of the Belgian coast................................................................104 Maps Map 1 Massif areas in the ESPON space ........................................................... 28 Map 2 Delineation and typology of islands ....................................................... 30 Map 3 LAU2s with more than 90% of the total area covered by SP Areas. ........ 32 Map 4 Average travel times to the coastline from LAU2 units .......................... 34 Map 4 Travel time to internal EU borders ......................................................... 37 Map 5 Population potentials mapped at supra‐regional level around Parkstad .................................................................................... 39 Map 6 Outermost Regions and their respective geographic context ................. 41 ESPON 2013 6 Tables Table 1 Principles used to delimit GEOSPECS areas ............................................ 25 Table 2 Conceptual & methodological interpretation of GEOSPECS areas .......... 25 Table 3 Geographical constraints of Outermost Regions .................................... 41 Table 4 Overlaps between GEOSPECS categories (areas) .................................... 49 Table 5 Overlaps between GEOSPECS categories (population) ........................... 50 Table 6 Example: Highland Council area ............................................................101 Table 7 Example: Geneva CBMR ........................................................................103 Annexes to the draft final report A GEOSPECS delineations at NUTS3 level: Maps Annexes to the Scientific report 1 Analytical matrix 2 Overview of data collection 3 The European nation-building process and its negative effects on border regions 4 The dimensions of the globalisation process & their potential influence on changing the nature of European borders 5 Border concepts and their overall analytical focus 6 “International political borders” in Europe - A map-based representation according to the main forms of existing supranational co-operation & integration 7 Main drivers contributing to a further “tightening” of the external EU-borders 8 A mapping of various other examples for “economic discontinuities” which exist at European borders 9 Ethnic communities in Europe and the revival of ethnic nationalism 10 Languages in Europe 11 Extensive version of the general typology of border effects 12 Efficiency of customs clearance processes along European 13 EU-wide analyses of the situation of cross-border workers & problems associated to data gathering 14 Current scope & focus of cross-border commuting in the EU27 15 Long-term development of the right of EEC & EC nationals / EU citizens to work ESPON 2013 7 in other EU Member States 16 Labour market integration within the EEA and between EU Member States and Switzerland 17 The current status of labour market integration between the EU27 and other Third Countries 18 The specific status of cross-border workers 19 Main obstacles to commuting in EU27/EEA/EFTA cross-border areas 20 Obstacles to cross-border mobility existing in the five Nordic countries 21 The EU external border regime 22 Multilingual borderlands in Europe 23 Outermost Regions - related policy documents 24 Case Study Highland Council area, Scotland 25 Case Study Jura massif 26 Case Study Sicily 27 Case Study Outer Hebrides 28 Case Study Torne Valley 29 Case Study SPAs in central Spain 30 Case Study Belgian Coast 31 Case Study Irish Sea 32 Case Study border triangle Germany-Poland-Czech Republic 33 Case Study Polish-Ukrainian 34 Case Study Geneva CBMR 35 Case Study Luxembourg CBMR