Fish Diseases and Disorders, Volume 2: Non-infectious Disorders, Second Edition This page intentionally left blank Fish Diseases and Disorders, Volume 2: Non-infectious Disorders, Second Edition Edited by John F. Leatherland Department of Biomedical Sciences Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Guelph Canada and Patrick T.K. Woo Department of Integrative Biology College of Biological Science University of Guelph Guelph Canada CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Offi ce CABI North American Offi ce Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2010. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fish diseases and disorders.–2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-10: 0-85199-015-0 (alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-85199-015-6 (alk. paper) 1. Fishes–Diseases. 2. Fishes–Infections. I. Woo, P.T.K. II. Title. SH171.F562 2006 639.3–dc22 2005018533 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 553 5 Commissioning editor: Rachel Cutts Production editor: Fiona Harrison Typeset by AMA Dataset, Preston, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by the MPG Books Group. Contents Contributors vii Preface ix 1. Introduction: Diagnostic Assessment of Non-infectious Disorders 1 John F. Leatherland 2. Neoplasms and Related Disorders 19 John M. Grizzle and Andrew E. Goodwin 3. Endocrine and Reproductive Systems, Including Their Interaction with the Immune System 85 John F. Leatherland 4. Chemically Induced Alterations to Gonadal Differentiation in Fish 144 Chris D. Metcalfe, Karen A. Kidd and John P. Sumpter 5. Disorders of Development in Fish 166 Christopher L. Brown, Deborah M. Power and José M. Núñez 6. Stress Response and the Role of Cortisol 182 Mathilakath M. Vijayan, Neelakanteswar Aluru and John F. Leatherland 7. Disorders of Nutrition and Metabolism 202 Santosh P. Lall 8. Food Intake Regulation and Disorders 238 Nicholas J. Bernier 9. Immunological Disorders Associated with Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Related Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds 267 George E. Noguchi v vi Contents 10. Disorders of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems 287 Anthony P. Farrell, Paige A. Ackerman and George K. Iwama 11. Hydromineral Balance, its Regulation and Imbalances 323 William S. Marshall 12. Disorders Associated with Exposure to Excess Dissolved Gases 342 David J. Speare 13. Welfare and Farmed Fish 357 Peter Southgate Glossary 371 Index 395 Contributors Paige A. Ackerman, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Centre for Aquaculture and Envi- ronmental Research (CAER), & Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada Neelakanteswar Aluru, Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA Nicholas J. Bernier, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada Chris L. Brown, Marine Biology Program, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33181, USA Anthony P. Farrell, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Centre for Aquaculture and Envi- ronmental Research (CAER), & Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada Andrew E. Goodwin, Aquaculture/Fisheries Center, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, Arkansas 71601, USA John M. Grizzle, Southeastern Cooperative Fish Disease Project, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA George K. Iwama, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada Karen A. Kidd, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada Santosh P. Lall, National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada John F. Leatherland, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada William S. Marshall, Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada Chris D. Metcalfe, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada George E. Noguchi, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Environmental Quality, Arlington, VA, USA José M Núñez, The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, 9595 Ocean Shore Blvd., St. Augustine, FL 32080 USA Deborah M. Power, Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Portugal vii viii Contributors Peter Southgate, Director, Fish Veterinary Group, Inverness, UK David. J. Speare, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada John P. Sumpter, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK Mathilakath M. Vijayan, Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada Preface As for the fi rst edition of this volume, the chapters comprise comprehensive discussions of the some of the major non-infectious disorders of fi nfi sh. It is the second volume of a three- volume series on fi sh diseases and disorders; Volume 1 deals with parasitic diseases and Volume 3 with microbial diseases. Reviews in the three volumes are written by leading international authorities who are actively working in the area or who have contributed greatly to our understanding of specifi c diseases or disorders. The present book includes non-infectious disorders of development and growth and various aspects of the physiology of wild and captive species, including nutritional physi- ology, feeding activity, cardiovascular physiology, ionic and osmotic regulation, stress physiology, reproduction and endocrine physiology. In addition, chapters dealing with issues related to the diagnosis of non-infectious disorders, tumourigenesis and problems related to supersaturated gas issues in aquaculture practice are included. Because of the increasing concern of the effects of ‘anthropogenic’ chemicals on aquatic organisms, par- ticularly, but not exclusively, those that act as hormone mimics or hormone-disrupting chemicals, several chapters address this issue from different perspectives. These chapters review the known effects of such chemicals on the endocrine, reproductive and immune systems, and explore the use of fi sh as sentinel organisms for the detection of such chemi- cals and monitoring of ‘ecosystem health’. In addition, because of the increasing interest in animal welfare issues in aquaculture practice, a chapter dealing with this topic is included in this volume. The second edition attempts to address emerging areas of interest and concern in fi sh- eries health in both wild populations and captive stock, and to refl ect changing attitudes toward the interpretation of fi sh health issues and the affects of non-infectious disorders on production issues in the wild and captive fi sh stocks. Several chapters are included that were not present in the fi rst edition; new authors have contributed to some of the chapters that were present in the fi rst edition, and some chapters have been updated from the fi rst edition. The principal audience of this volume, as for Volumes 1 and 3, is the fi sh and fi sher- ies research community, in aquaculture and government fi sheries management and researchers in academe; the community comprises environmental toxicologists, pure and applied fi sh physiologists, fi sh health specialists, and fi sh health consultants in government ix x Preface laboratories, universities or the private sector. The volume is also relevant to graduate students and senior undergraduate students who are involved in studies related to the health of aquatic organisms. J.F. Leatherland and P.T.K Woo 1 Introduction: Diagnostic Assessment of Non-infectious Disorders John F. Leatherland Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada Introduction biochemical responses of the organism rarely provides specifi c information about the root The term diagnosis is generally used to cause(s) of the dysfunctional condition. describe the recognition of a disease or con- This volume of the second edition of dition by its clinical signs and symptoms; the fi sh diseases series comprises chapters however, the defi nition is commonly extended that focus on the description of known and to include the second stage of the identifi ca- generally well-documented non-infectious tion process, namely the determination of disorders. The chapters examine the nature the underlying physiological, biochemical of the disorders, the biological implications or molecular factors that are related to or of those disorders and the aetiologies of the responsible for the disease or condition. In disorders, as far as these are known. Some human and veterinary medicine, even when chapters survey the diseases and disorders a specifi c aetiological agent is known, a associated with a specifi c organ system, cluster of specifi c clinical signs (together such as the cardiovascular system; in other with symptoms communicated by human chapters the focus is on a particular aspect of patients) is used to formulate preliminary fi sh disorders related to a specifi c theme, diagnoses.