ENV.D.3/ETU/2012/0044rl Initial report May 2013 RISK MITIGATION MEASURES FOR ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES ENV.D.3/ETU/2012/0044RL INITIAL REPORT: STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT ON THE USE OF ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES AS BIOCIDAL PRODUCTS IN THE EU AND BEYOND 1/63 ENV.D.3/ETU/2012/0044rl Initial report May 2013 Table of contents 1. Executive summary ...............................................................................................................................................4 2. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................5 3. Objective 1-1-a: Research developments ............................................................................................................6 3.1. Summary ........................................................................................................................................................6 3.2. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................6 3.3. Alternative baits to anticoagulants ................................................................................................................7 Alphachloralose ................................................................................................................................................7 Powdered corn cob ...........................................................................................................................................7 3.4. Current and future developments of rodenticide active ingredients ............................................................8 Zinc phosphide ..................................................................................................................................................8 Bromethalin ......................................................................................................................................................8 Calciferol ...........................................................................................................................................................8 Norbormide and alpha-chlorohydrin ................................................................................................................9 Flupropadine .....................................................................................................................................................9 Sodium selenite-based products ......................................................................................................................9 Anticoagulant compound plus synergist ..........................................................................................................9 Methaemoglobin-inducing compounds ........................................................................................................ 11 Various chemicals .......................................................................................................................................... 11 New AVKs ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 4. Objective 1-1-b Resistance selection and monitoring ....................................................................................... 12 4.1. Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 4.2. The Norway rat ............................................................................................................................................ 13 4.3. The Roof rat ................................................................................................................................................. 16 4.4. The House mouse ........................................................................................................................................ 16 4.5. Evidence for resistance in commensal rodents around the world ............................................................. 18 Denmark. ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 France ............................................................................................................................................................ 19 Belgium .......................................................................................................................................................... 20 USA and Canada ............................................................................................................................................ 21 Germany ........................................................................................................................................................ 21 The Netherlands ............................................................................................................................................ 24 UK................................................................................................................................................................... 25 4.6. Resistance testing........................................................................................................................................ 28 Lethal Feeding Period (LFP) tests ................................................................................................................... 28 Blood Clotting Response (BCR) testing .......................................................................................................... 28 VKOR Activity ................................................................................................................................................. 30 Metabolism .................................................................................................................................................... 30 Vkorc1 sequencing or genotyping ................................................................................................................. 30 4.7. Resistance testing – summary ..................................................................................................................... 32 4.8. Monitoring systems for resistance .............................................................................................................. 32 5. Objective 1-1-c: Alternatives to rodenticides .................................................................................................... 35 5.1. Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 35 5.2. Mechanical / non-chemical alternatives alternatives ................................................................................. 35 Traps and glue-traps ...................................................................................................................................... 35 Ultrasonic rodent repellents .......................................................................................................................... 35 Electromagnetic devices ................................................................................................................................ 36 Vibration and Shock devices .......................................................................................................................... 36 5.3. Chemical repellents / attractants ................................................................................................................ 36 5.4. Fertility control ............................................................................................................................................ 37 5.5. New patterns of use for existing rodenticides ............................................................................................ 37 5.6. Anticoagulant resistance management ...................................................................................................... 38 5.7. Rodent control practice............................................................................................................................... 38 6. Objective 1-1-d: public / private monitoring systems of use ............................................................................. 39 7. Objective 1-1-e: Monitoring non-target species incidents ............................................................................... 39 7.1. Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 39 2/63 ENV.D.3/ETU/2012/0044rl Initial report May 2013 7.2. Human poisoning cases ............................................................................................................................... 39 UK................................................................................................................................................................... 41 Ireland ............................................................................................................................................................ 42 France ...........................................................................................................................................................