General Geology of northern Gunung Semanggol, Bukit Merah, Taiping with emphasis on Tectono-Stratigraphic Evolution of Semanggol Formation by Nur Farahin Usop 13579 Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Bachelor of Technology (Hons) (Petroleum Geoscience) MAY 2014 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar 31750 Tronoh Perak Darul Ridzuan CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL General Geology of northern Gunung Semanggol, Bukit Merah, Taiping with emphasis on Tectono-Stratigraphic Evolution of Semanggol Formation by Nur Farahin Usop 13579 A project dissertation submitted to the Petroleum Geoscience Programme UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (Hons) (PETROLEUM GEOSCIENCE) Approved by, ______________________ (MD YAZID B MANSOR) Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar 31750 Tronoh Perak Darul Ridzuan CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this project, that the original work is my own except as specified in the reference and acknowledgements, and that the original work contained herein have not been undertaken or done by unspecified sources or persons. _________________________ (NUR FARAHIN USOP) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank God Almighty Allah S.W.T for His blessings that I am able to complete this Final Year Project and thus finishing this report. Other than that, both of my parents have been giving me constant support and words of encouragement and I thank them for that. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my supervisors, Mr. Md Yazid b Mansor and Mr. Mohamad Shaufi b Sokiman for putting their trust in me in completing this project. Their willingness in leading and assisting me is deeply appreciated. Special thanks to lecturers, lab technologists and staffs in Department of Geoscience for their priceless knowledge and guidance along the duration of my Final Year Project and ultimately along my five years of study in UTP. The knowledge and experience that I have gained from them is hoped to be beneficial to me in my future. Last but not least, I would like to thank everyone that has been helping me along the duration of my industrial training, be it directly or indirectly. Each of them has contributed valuable lesson and skill for me to apply in the near future. Thank you very much. i TABLE OF CONTENT Acknowledgement........................................................................................................i Table of Content.........................................................................................................ii List of Figures.............................................................................................................iv List of Tables..............................................................................................................vi Abstract.....................................................................................................................vii 1.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................1 1.1 Background of Study............................................................................1 1.2 Problem Statement................................................................................2 1.3 Objective...............................................................................................3 1.4 Scope of study.......................................................................................3 2.0 Literature Review...........................................................................................4 2.1 The Semanggol Formation....................................................................4 2.2 Regional Setting....................................................................................5 2.3 Geologic Setting....................................................................................6 2.4 Age and Fossil.......................................................................................8 2.5 Depositional Setting............................................................................11 3.0 Methodology..................................................................................................12 3.1 Overview.............................................................................................12 3.2 Project Activities.................................................................................12 3.3 Key Project Milestones.......................................................................13 3.4 Project Timeline..................................................................................15 3.5 Geological Fieldwork..........................................................................17 3.5.1 Stratigraphic Column 3.5.2 Geological Map 3.5.3 Geological Cross Section 3.6 Laboratory Work.................................................................................19 3.6.1 Thin Section Analysis 4.0 Results and Discussion..................................................................................21 4.1 Study Area Description.......................................................................21 4.2 Sedimentary/ Stratigraphic Log..........................................................29 4.3 Structural Analysis..............................................................................33 ii 4.4 Geological Map and Geological Cross Section..................................41 4.5 Lithostratigraphy.................................................................................43 4.6 Thin Section Analysis.........................................................................46 4.7 Tectono – Stratigraphic Evolution Of Semanggol Formation............54 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation...............................................................57 References..................................................................................................................58 Appendices.................................................................................................................61 Distribution of continental clocks and terranes of Southeast Asia.................61 Formation of Bentong-Raub suture by collision of Sibumasu block with Indochina block...............................................................................................61 Distribution of rocks in Peninsular Malaysia belts.........................................62 Bouma sequence explaining turbidite model..................................................63 Sub-marine fan model and associated sedimentary log..................................63 Bedded chert with shale lamination in between at Outcrop 1........................64 Front view of bedded chert and sandstone at Outcrop 3 ................................64 Panorama view of middle fan sequences at Outcrop 4...................................65 Chert interbedded with siltstone and shale laminae at Outcrop 5...................66 Nearly vertical sandstone ridges at Outcrop 6................................................66 Topography map (Sheet 3364) showing northern Gunung Semanggol marked with outcrops...................................................................................................67 Sedimentary logs of Outcrop 1 – 6.................................................................68 Strike and dip reading of Outcrop 1-6............................................................77 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Aerial photograph showing Gunung Semanggol (left) and northern Gunung Semanggol (right)...................................................................1 Figure 3.1: Proposed research methodology for Final Year Project I & II...........12 Figure 3.2: Project activities workflow for Final Year Project I & II...................12 Figure 3.3: Key milestones of the project from Week 1 until Week 14................13 Figure 3.4: Key milestones of the project from Week 15 until Week 28..............14 Figure 4.1: Aerial photograph showing outcrops observed during geological Fieldwork............................................................................................21 Figure 4.2: Outcrop 1 used as reference for sedimentary logging........................22 Figure 4.3: Bedded chert interbedded with siltstone and shale.............................22 Figure 4.4: Evidence of shortening and compression...........................................22 Figure 4.5: Highly weathered chert with eroded shale..........................................23 Figure 4.6: Shale lamination interbedded with brownish sandstone.....................23 Figure 4.7: Nearly vertical chert and massive sandstone body.............................24 Figure 4.8: Contact between sandstone at the top and bedded chert at bottom.....24 Figure 4.9: Visible fining up sequence from left to right......................................25 Figure 4.10: Sandstone interbedded with thin shale lamination on the upper Sequence.............................................................................................25 Figure 4.11: Outcrop 5 observed during geological fieldwork...............................26 Figure 4.12: Sandstone interbedded with siltstone and shale..................................26 Figure 4.13: Highly weathered and eroded sandstone ridges at Outcrop 6.............27 Figure 4.14: Nearly vertical sandstone beds............................................................27 Figure