Public Policy Centro Studi Tocqueville-Acton Yearbook 2011 SUBSIDIARITY AND INSTITUTIONAL POLYARCHY Studies of Social Market Economy in contemporary democracies © Centro Studi Tocqueville-Acton Sede Legale: Piazzetta Giordano, 2 – 20122 Milano Sedi operative: Piazzetta Giordano, 2 - 20122 Milano Via Silvestri, 20 - 00164 Roma www.tocqueville-acton.org Finito di stampare nel mese di giugno 2011 Rubbettino – Soveria Mannelli (CZ) …ideas towards a virtuous and free society … Philosophy Statement Vision “An open, free and virtuous society, where the person is not merely instrumental, but in fact becomes the ultimate end of human action. In this w ay, each individual contributes -by one’s own means and according to one’s inclinations, abilities and skills- to the ongoing process of shaping economics, politics and institutions" Purpose “Our purpose is to become a well known reference point for market socioeconomics and business -as well as institutional- ethics; a place of academic excellence where we promote a deeper reflection upon and elaboration of moral, juridical and social norms regulating the cohabitation of individuals, their functioning, and their actualizat ion" Means “We aim at creating a think tank which fosters moral and social responsibilities for those who are decision-makers in the business field, resources and public administration, with constant reference to the social doctrine of the Church. We also support the impartial formulation of public policies through an outstanding academic production; this can be inspirational for all the leading decision-makers belonging to political and administrative democracies, within central and local institutions" Organi Presidente: Flavio Felice Direttore Generale: Fabio G. Angelini Segretario Generale: Pierluigi Torre Comitato Scientifico: Dario Antiseri Brian Anderson Rocco Buttiglione Jaroslaw Merecki Rocco Pezzimenti Giovanni Palladino Robert Royal Jude P. Dougherty Tito Lucrezio Rizzo Marco Dugato Lorenzo Ornaghi Bruno Bordignon Michael Novak Assuntina Morresi Gianfranco Rebora Ubiratan Iorio Ettore Gotti Tedeschi Arthur C. Brooks Mary Ann Glendon Gabriel Zanotti Stanislaw Grygiel Riccardo Crespo Leonard Liggio Antonio Magliulo Luca Diotallevi Stefano Solari Alejandro Chafuen Nils Goldschmidt Russel Hittinger Michael Wohlgemuth Paolo Janni 3 CENTRO STUDI TOCQUEVILLE ACTON YEARBOOK 2011 SUBSIDIARITY AND INSTITUTIONAL POLYARCHY Studies of Social Market Economy in contemporary democracies TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESENTATION 1. EPISTEMOLOGY AND ECONOMICS Broadening Economic Rationality by Ricardo Crespo 2. POLITICAL ECONOMY Regulations and Trust: Making Finance Work for People by Simona Beretta Communitarian Personalism and Social Economics. The Contribution of Cardinal Pietro Pavan and Francesco Vito to the Development of Catholic Social Doctrine in Sixties by Luca Sandonà The market and the Distribution of Incombe in Italy: “liberal” vs “social market” Perspectives by Stefano Solari Urban Growth and Development in Emergine Countries: Recalling the City Approach for Policy Making by Johann Spitzer Concealed Ordoliberal Inheritances by Massimiliano Vatiero The Overlooked Harmony of Chicago and Ordoliberalism in the Immediate Post-WWII Period by Robert Van Horn 3. BUSINESS LAW Some Implications of Roepke’s “well weighed laws” by Maria De Benedetto 4. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DOCTRINES Luigi Sturzo and the Social Market Economy by Flavio Felice Planning for Freedom. The Repression and Opposition of Economists During the Nazi Regime in Germany on the Example of the Freiburg Circles by Nils Goldschmidt A European Social Model of State-Market Relations: The Ethis of Competition from a “neo-liberal” perspective by Michael Wohlgemuth 5. CATHOLIC SOCIAL THOUGHT Matteo Liberatore’s Principii di Economia Politica: a soft assimilation of Classical Political Economy into Catholic Social Thought? by Giacomo Costa 6. BOOK REVIEW The Crisis of Capitalist Democracy (Richard A. Posner) by Jude P. Dougherty 5 Presentation For the second consecutive year, the Centro Studi Tocqueville-Acton offers a rich collection of studies of Social Market Economy in contemporary democracies. Continuing in the wake of last year’s discussions focused on the «rules of freedom», the Yearbook 2011 is based on two specific pillars: subsidiarity and institutional polyarchy. The essays in the following pages do not focus either on the analysis of the two cited pillars or on the possible paths (in terms of research or policy formulation) that can be developed from them; instead, they highlight the numerous connections binding them together. The main purpose of this study is to identify the connections and relationships among the pillars in order to underline their salient features and to outline a theoretical framework. To achieve this ambitious goal, we decided to publish all the texts in English, both to give the readers the precious contributions we received from many international scholars in their original version and to allow wider circulation of our work in academies and think tanks. In any case, the structure of the Yearbook 2011 is similar to the previous one, consisting of five areas – Epistemology and Economics, Political Economy, Business Law, Political and Economic Doctrines, Catholic Social Thought – and a final section with a review of a book of particular interest. The first section contains a paper by Ricardo Crespo, the second contains six contributions respectively by Simona Beretta, Luca Sandonà, Stefano Solari, Johann Spitzer, Massimiliano Vatiero and Robert Van Horn. The pages dedicated to business law are written by Maria De Benedetto. The fourth section gathers the essays of Flavio Felice, Nils Goldschmidt and Michael Wohlgemuth. The last section is dedicated to an important aspect of the Catholic Social Thought and developed by Giacomo Costa. The Yearbook ends with a book review written for the second year in a row by Jude P. Dougherty. As it may be easily inferred, the Yearbook 2011 includes food for thought: different approaches and intense provocative considerations, all aimed at detecting connections between subsidiarity and institutional polyarchy, as mentioned in the first lines of this short presentation. Actually, the idea of focusing on these two pillars comes from a consideration by Pope Benedict XVI: warning against a dangerous universal power of a tyrannical nature, he reminds us that globalization «certainly requires authority, insofar as it poses the problem of a global common good that needs to be pursued. This authority, however, must be organized in a subsidiary and stratified way, if it is not to infringe upon freedom and if it is to yield effective results in practice» (Caritas in Veritate , 57). 7 Presentazione Per il secondo anno consecutivo, il Centro Studi Tocqueville-Acton offre un’ampia raccolta di studi sull’economia sociale di mercato nelle democrazie contemporanee. Proseguendo sulla scia delle riflessioni relative alle «regole della libertà» presentate nella scorsa edizione, l’Annale che qui presentiamo si regge su due pilastri specifici: la sussidiarietà e la poliarchia istituzionale. Tuttavia, i saggi che seguono non si soffermano sull’analisi dei due singoli pilastri o su eventuali percorsi (di ricerca e di formulazione di politiche) che da questi è possibile sviluppare, ma ne mettono in luce i numerosi punti di contatto. Lo scopo principale del nostro lavoro è quello di individuare simili rapporti, evidenziarne i caratteri salienti e quindi tentare di delineare un quadro teorico organico ed esaustivo. Per raggiungere un obiettivo così ambizioso, abbiamo deciso di pubblicare i testi interamente in lingua inglese sia per intercettare nella loro originalità i preziosi contributi che ci hanno inviato diversi studiosi internazionali sia per consentire una maggiore diffusione del nostro lavoro in tutte le accademie e i think tank. La struttura dell’Annale 2011 è simile a quella dello scorso anno, composta da cinque aree disciplinari – Epistemologia ed economia, Economia Politica, Diritto dell’economia, Dottrine economiche e politiche, Dottrina sociale della Chiesa – e da un’ultima sezione dedicata alla recensione di un libro di particolare interesse. La prima sezione ospita un intervento di Ricardo Crespo, la seconda contiene ben sei contributi realizzati rispettivamente da Simona Beretta, Luca Sandonà, Stefano Solari, Johann Spitzer, Massimiliano Vatiero e Robert Van Horn. Le pagine dedicate al diritto dell’economia, invece, sono redatte da Maria De Benedetto. La quarta sezione raccoglie i saggi di Flavio Felice, Nils Goldschmidt e Michael Wohlgemuth. L’ultima sezione è dedicata a un importante aspetto della Dottrina sociale della Chiesa approfondito da Giacomo Costa. L’Annale si conclude con una recensione scritta anche quest’anno da Jude P. Dougherty. Com’è facilmente intuibile, si troveranno diversi orientamenti, molti spunti di riflessione, approcci provocatori, ma tutti tesi a rilevare le connessioni fra sussidiarietà e poliarchia istituzionale. L’idea di soffermarsi su questi due pilastri nasce dalle riflessioni di Papa Benedetto XVI quando, mettendoci in guardia da un pericoloso potere universale di tipo monocratico, ci ricorda che la globalizzazione «ha certo bisogno di autorità, in quanto pone il problema di un bene globale da perseguire; tale autorità, però, dovrà essere organizzata in modo sussidiario e poliarchico, sia per non ledere la libertà sia per risultare concretamente efficace» (Caritas in Veritate , 57). 8 1. EPISTEMOLOGY AND ECONOMICS *** Ricardo