Faculty of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering Chair of Urban Structure and Transport Planning Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gebhard Wulfhorst Analysis of the Integration of Carsharing Interoperability among Operators in the City of Munich Master’s Thesis Francesc Cases Guijarro Supervisors: M.Sc. Montserrat Miramontes (Chair of Urban Structure and Transport Planning, TUM) Diplom-Verkehrswirtschaftlerin Anja Höpping (MRK Management Consultants GmbH) Dr. Francesc Soriguera (Transport and Regional Planning Department, UPC) Submitted: 16.12.2015 WS 2015 This thesis was researched and written by Francesc Cases Guijarro during the summer and autumn of 2015. It was supervised by Montserrat Miramontes Villareal of the Department for Urban Structure and Transport Planning (TUM) and by Anja Höpping of the Transport Department at the MRK Management Consultants GmbH. I wish to thank both supervisors for their great support during this time. I would also like to thank Francesc Soriguera Martí for being my supervisor in Barcelona. Finally, I would like to thank the MRK Management Consultants GmbH for giving me the opportunity of having this wonderful experi- ence in the heart of the city of Munich. II “We are moving from a world where we’re organized around ownership to one organized around access to assets.” (Gansky, 2010) “Within the automotive industry, times are changing. Data is the new horsepower and connectivity is the new chassis.” (Palmer , 2014) III Abstract This study is an initial attempt to analyze the implementation of interoperability in carsharing in the city of Munich. With this purpose in mind, literature research has been done in order to set the con- text of this master’s thesis. Through the evaluation of the Theory of Networks it has been assessed which could be the threats and opportunities of the implementation of interoperability among carsharing op- erators. Furthermore, the most relevant approaches to establish interoperability in Germany have been analyzed. At this point, an interoperable carsharing model is proposed for the city of Munich using the tools of the traveler information services industry. For the development of this model special attention is paid to the overall organization as well as to the processes of the carsharing service. For studying the feasibility of this model and obtaining recommendations on its implementation expert interviews have been assessed. Four experts from the carsharing industry have been interviewed (DriveNow, car2go, CiteeCar and STATTAUTO). As a consequence of these interviews, the interoperable model has been further detailed and relevant aspects of its implementation are commented. Based on the expert inter- views and the literature research, it is concluded that interoperability has an important role to play for the further development of carsharing. This document gives an initial step to carry out its implementa- tion in the city of Munich. Keywords Interoperability · Carsharing · Munich · Traveler Information Services · Telematics · IV Table of Content List of Figures .................................................................................................................... VII List of Tables .................................................................................................................... VIII Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... IX 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Context and Problem Definition ...................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives and Research Question .................................................................................. 2 1.3 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 2 2 Theory of Carsharing and Context ................................................................................. 4 2.1 Definition of Carsharing .................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Benefits of Carsharing ..................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Types of Carsharing ........................................................................................................ 6 2.3.1 Stationed-based Carsharing .............................................................................................. 6 2.3.2 Free-floating Carsharing .................................................................................................... 6 2.3.3 Combination of free-floating and stationed based models .............................................. 6 2.4 Carsharing Market in Germany........................................................................................ 7 2.5 Carsharing Market of Munich ........................................................................................ 10 2.6 Summary of the Theory of Carsharing and Context ........................................................ 12 3 Theory of Networks .................................................................................................... 13 3.1 Network Goods and Network Externalities .................................................................... 13 3.2 Interoperability of Network Goods ................................................................................ 14 3.3 Summary of the Theory of Networks ............................................................................. 15 4 Best Practices of Interoperability in Carsharing ........................................................... 16 4.1 Car2go and Flinkster ..................................................................................................... 16 4.2 MVG Multimobil ........................................................................................................... 17 4.3 Polygocard ................................................................................................................... 18 4.4 Stadtmobil Network ..................................................................................................... 20 4.5 Summary of the Best Practices of Interoperability in Carsharing .................................... 21 5 Travel Information Services ......................................................................................... 22 5.1 Terminology ................................................................................................................. 22 5.2 Classification of the Architectures for the Development of the Model ............................ 23 6 Analysis of the Implementation of the Interoperable Model ........................................ 24 6.1 Framework Architecture ............................................................................................... 24 6.1.1 Scenario 0: Status Quo .................................................................................................... 24 6.1.2 Scenario 1: Bilateral Agreements ................................................................................... 26 6.1.3 Scenario 2: Common Service Provider for all Carsharers ............................................... 27 6.1.4 Scenario 3: Common Service Operator for all Carsharers .............................................. 28 6.1.5 Scenario 2A: Alternative to Scenario 2 ........................................................................... 30 6.1.6 Scenario 3A: Alternative to Scenario 3 ........................................................................... 32 6.1.7 Alternative Analysis ......................................................................................................... 33 6.1.8 Selected Scenario ............................................................................................................ 36 6.2 Reference Architecture (Carsharing Processes) .............................................................. 37 V 6.2.1 Carsharing Providers Comparison ................................................................................... 37 6.2.2 Registration ..................................................................................................................... 38 6.2.3 Search Function and Booking .......................................................................................... 38 6.2.4 Access .............................................................................................................................. 40 6.2.5 Metering & Accounting ................................................................................................... 41 6.2.6 Vehicle Return ................................................................................................................. 42 6.2.7 Billing ............................................................................................................................... 44 6.3 Summary of the Analysis of the Implementation of the Interoperable Model ................. 45 7 Expert Interviews ........................................................................................................ 46 7.1 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 46 7.2 Summary of the interviews ........................................................................................... 47 7.2.1 Interoperability