Calculation of the Retirement Pensions Is Done Differently in the Various MS

Calculation of the Retirement Pensions Is Done Differently in the Various MS

AIACE Internationale Vereinigung der ehemaligen Bediensteten der Europäischen Union Über 12.000 Mitglieder – offen für die Ehemaligen aller Organe und Einrichtungen der EU Das Pensionssystem der Europäischen Union Ziel und Zweck dieses Dokuments ist es, die Mitglieder der AIACE über die Natur des Pensionssystems der EU, insbesondere über seine Finanzierung, zu informieren und dem Präsidenten bei seinen Diskussionen mit den Organen der EU als Leitfaden zu dienen, wenn in den kommenden Jahren die Zukunft des Pensionssystems zum Diskussionsthema wird. Es sollen darin so viele stichhaltige Informationen wie möglich zusammengestellt werden, ergänzt durch eine ausführliche Dokumentation im Anhang. Die Einführung ("executive summary") erläutert den Rechtsrahmen, insbesondere Artikel 83 des Statuts, der vorsieht, dass Pensions- und andere Leistungen zu Lasten des Haushalts gehen, dass die Mitgliedsstaaten gemeinsam die Zahlung dieser Leistungen garantieren und dass das Personal ein Drittel zur Finanzierung des Regimes beiträgt, die verbleibenden zwei Drittel gehen zu Lasten des Arbeitgebers. Die Beiträge von Personal und Arbeitgeber werden nicht in einen auf den Kapitalmärkten angelegten Pensionsfonds einbezahlt, sondern einem fiktiven oder virtuellen Fonds zugeordnet, mit der Rechtsverpflichtung der Mitgliedsstaaten zur Zahlung der Pensionen. Wichtig ist die Feststellung, dass es sich nicht um ein Umlagensystem handelt. Die Höhe der Beiträge wird jährlich angepasst und ist nicht an die Höhe der laufenden Pensionsausgaben gekoppelt, sondern wird auf Grundlage jährlicher finanzmathematischer Bewertungen festgelegt, um so den Kosten der in jedem Dienstjahr erworbenen Pensionsansprüche zu entsprechen. So wird das finanzielle Gleichgewicht gewahrt, und wenn die Angehörigen des Personals in den Ruhestand treten, wurden die Kosten für ihre Pension bereits entrichtet. Die Pensionsschuld wird am Ende jedes Jahres festgelegt. Sie ergibt sich aus dem aktualisierten Unterschied zwischen den in das System einfließenden Beiträgen und den bereits ausbezahlten Pensionen. Dieser Betrag hängt stark von der Höhe des gewählten Aktualisierungssatzes ab – eine Senkung des Aktualisierungs- oder Zinssatzes führt zu einer Erhöhung der Schuld am Ende des Jahres und umgekehrt. Schlussfolgernd kann festgestellt werden, dass der Wert und die finanzielle Stringenz des Pensionssystems erwiesen sind, und nach Meinung der AIACE sollten sowohl der Grundsatz wie die Mechanismen beibehalten werden; Vorschläge, es durch ein System auf Grundlage eines "kapitalisierten" Fonds zu ersetzen, wären sehr kostspielig und allen Unwägbarkeiten und Unsicherheiten des Kapitalmarktes ausgesetzt. Das Dokument enthält auch einen kurzen historischen Überblick und eine Zusammenfassung der letzten vergleichenden Eurostat-Studie über die nationalen Pensionssysteme für Beamte in den Mitgliedsstaaten. Martin CLEGG Mitglied des Vorstandes der AIACE Int. 20/10/2018 15 Sektionen : Belgique/België/Belgien – Danmark - Deutschland – Éire/Ireland - España - France – Eλλας/Griechenland - Italia – Luxemburg - Nederland – Österreich – Portugal – Suomi/Finnland – Sverige - United Kingdom --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Adresse: Europäische Kommission, N-105 00/036, B 1049 Brüssel, Belgien Telefon: Direktverbindung (+32-2)295.29.60, Zentrale (+32-2) 299.11.11 Elektronische Adresse: [email protected] Internet : www.aiace-europa.eu Firmennummer 0408999411 2 AIACE Association Internationale des Anciens de l'Union européenne Plus de 12.000 adhérents – ouverte aux anciens de toutes les institutions et tous les organes AIACE/DC/Pens/28.10.2018 The Pension Scheme of the European Union 3 Table of contents Page The Pension Scheme of the European Union (PSEU) – Executive Summary Legislative background 5 Nature of the pension fund 5 Annual updating of contributions 6 The pension liability 7 Conclusion and AIACE position 8 History and background of the pension scheme 10 National pension schemes for Member State civil servants 11 Glossary of acronyms and terms 12 List of annexes 13 4 The Pension Scheme of the European Union (PSEU) – Executive Summary Legislative background Article 14 of Protocol No 7 on the Privileges and Immunities of the TFEU provides that “The European Parliament and the Council, acting by means of regulations in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure and after consultation of the institutions concerned, shall lay down the scheme of social security for officials and other servants of the Union”. Within that framework, the Pension Scheme is founded on the Staff Regulations (SR), notably Articles 83 and 83a as well as Annex XII of those Regulations as regards the funding aspects of the scheme.1 These provisions, first applied with the SR of 1962, constitute the legislative basis for the funding and operation of the PSEU and the maintenance of its financial balance. Article 83 of the SR provides that: -the benefits paid out under the scheme are charged to the EU budget; -the Member States jointly guarantee the payment of such benefits; -staff contribute one third of the cost of financing the scheme. Article 83a and Annex XII of the SR set out the principles and the detailed actuarial rules for computing the contribution rate required to guarantee the financial balance of the scheme. The benefits paid out under the scheme are set out in Chapter 3 of Title V (Articles 77 – 85a) and in Annex VIII of the SR and include retirement pensions to former officials, their survivors and those in receipt of invalidity allowances. Following the Reforms of the SR introduced in 2004 and 2014, Section 4 of Annex XIII of the SR sets out transitional arrangements for the pensions of officials, depending on their date of recruitment to the service and/or their date of retirement. Nature of the pension fund The PSEU is not a “pay as you go” scheme but operates as a notional or virtual fund, with defined benefits, protected by the principle of acquired rights. There is no actual investment fund into which contributions are placed. Instead it is considered that the contributions which would have been placed in such a fund are invested in the long-term bonds of the Member States and reflected in the pension liability, with the Member States guaranteeing the payment of pension benefits, as laid down by Article 83 of the SR. This guarantee applies even in the absence of an EU budget or if the EU itself were no longer in existence. The existence of this guarantee and its recognition by all Member States has been acknowledged in Article 135(2) of the draft Withdrawal Agreement of March 2018 between the EU and the UK which stipulates that after Withdrawal, the United Kingdom will contribute its share of the Union liability for the pension and other employee benefits rights accrued on or before 31 December 2020. The payments linked to this liability will be transferred when the deadline for these amounts is due or the liability may be discharged at an earlier stage based on actuarial valuations, drawn up according to specified international accounting standards. The method of determining the contribution rate for staff and the implied rate for employers on the basis of the future cost of pensions has meant that in the initial years of the PSEU when the EU was an expanding organisation with relatively young staff, the contributions attributed to the notional fund far outweighed the level of actual pension expenditures in those early years. The mechanism under which the funds for the PSEU are retained in national treasuries (in effect, a loan by PSEU members to the Member States) has therefore meant a substantial increase in the Member State’s liquidity, amounting 1 See Annex I: Extracts from the Staff Regulations (Regulation No 31 (EEC) 11(EAEC) of 1.1.1962, as last amended by Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 1023/2013) of 22.10.2013. 5 to some tens of billions of euro. In effect, the EU budget borrows money from the members of the scheme in return for the guarantee by the Member States to pay future benefits. Moreover, by attributing the contributions in this way rather than investing them in a distinct fund on the capital market, the notional fund is shielded from all the risks and vagaries which can afflict the capital markets threatening the solvency of pension funds, such as occurred in the 1920’s and 1930’s and more recently, during the financial crisis which commenced in 2008, still evidenced by continuing low interest rates. Indeed, it can be said that the PSEU has the features of a scheme organised on the basis of the solidarity principle, as underlined by the CJEU in point 134 of its Judgment in Case T-135/05. Unlike most of the schemes which operate in the Member States for public officials, where pension contribution rates or benefits are adjusted with the aim of achieving balance between the annual amounts raised from contributions and the annual amounts of pension expenditures, the contributions to the PSEU serve to finance the future pensions of EU staff. The total pension contribution is fixed at a level to cover the predicted cost of the pension rights acquired by officials during a given year (the service cost) and is not at all linked to actual pension expenditure in that same year. The one-third share of the service cost representing the staff contribution is applied as a percentage deduction from the basic amount of monthly salaries of each active official. Balance

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