Beat-mixing Adrian Carroll Introduction Beatmatching is the process of matching the tempi of two songs playing Beat-mixing simultaneously. Beat-mixing is usually done by listening to the second track on headphones and when the two tracks are playing in synchronisation, mixing in the new track and fading out the old in a creative fashion. The term ‘DJ friendly’ means that a track is made to be easily mixed by a DJ on the Rock Music dance floor, but not all dance music complies (Snoman 2004, 49). Making a track DJ friendly entails the inclusion of long intros and outros of percussion to give the DJ time to beatmatch and segué into the next track. The beat- mixing technique from electronic dance music has been deployed in this research project to combine original rock tracks and thereby form a continuous rock set. ClubRock retains the rock aesthetic and is not rock music with a dance beat. The compositions comprised of vocal verse/chorus Abstract formats indicative of the genre. This paper will demonstrate how musical immediacy and mediated music can coexist in rock music. Electronic dance music (EDM) has the capacity of producing not simply individual recordings but also a medium to create new The research results were demonstrated on rock music but the principles can soundtracks through live manipulation of these recordings by disc be utilised on any form of music. The investigation also discovered how the jockeys (DJs). This immediacy in dance music is in contrast with inclusion of mix-breaks created a framework to creatively explore song recorded rock music continuing to be presented in a static form. structure in composition but this is a by-product of the application of beat- Research was undertaken to explore the proposition that EDM’s beat- mixing and should be treated as distinct. To explain further, song structure mixing function can be implemented to create immediacy in rock changed as a result of the beat-mixing processes, including the addition of music. The term used in this thesis to refer to the application of beat- the EDM breakdown to the rock compositions. The hybridisation of the two mixing in rock music is ‘ClubRock’. Through collaboration between a genres, EDM and rock, resulted in a contribution to rock music number of disk jockeys and rock music professionals the research compositional approaches. applied the process of beat-mixing standard rock compositions to produce a continuous rock set. DJ techniques created immediacy in EDM production techniques, Disco and Jamaican dancehall tradition the recordings and transformed static renditions into a fluid creative work. Kai Fikentscher, in his book, ‘“You Better Work!” Underground Dance Music in New York City’, gives an insight into the development of underground dance culture from the roots of disco from the late 1960’s to the turn of the century. Fikentscher defines mediated music as “musical sound being reproduced independent of the conditions of its initial production” and differentiates this from musical immediacy, sometimes referred to as ‘live’ or Adrian Carroll Queensland University of Technology music created spontaneously (2000, 15). In the case of dance music, musical immediacy and mediated music coexist (2000). This enables EDM recordings to be more than just a fixed representation of a song—a recording becomes a component of a new work when it encounters the dance floor, creating new life and endless possibilities. Davis Troop explains “this idea of a seamless flow of music that ran all night created by a DJ ... came from disco”, and this has been “one of the most radical changes of music in the last thirty years” (cited in Shapiro and Lee 2000, 38). Shapiro states that Ejournalist.com.au 103 Beat-mixing Adrian Carroll Beat-mixing Adrian Carroll “with the exception of punk rock, every significant development in popular rock’ Brewster notes that The Grateful Dead “would play songs as long as music since the 1960’s has in one way or another emerged from the Jamaican they felt good, as long as they made people dance and when most of the dancehall and its tradition of the sound system” (2000, 50). It was in Jamaica audience is high on something, that can be a long time” (2000, 66), but then that a record stopped being a finished recording. Instead, in the studio it adds that rock “abandoned early danceable psychedelic forms” (138). became a matrix of sonic possibilities, the raw material for endless ‘dubs’ Brewster describes the abandonment as “the age of the concept album, the (Brewster 2000, 109). “With a deejay ‘riding the riddim’ the audience was rock opera, the tortuous guitar solo” and goes on to state that “rock, after a hearing something absolutely unique; with much the same immediacy as a trip too many, would soon drift well away from the dance floor and become traditional live performance” (2000, 118). serious music, sounds for the head rather than the body” (2000, 70). In the early 1970s rock indulged so pervasively in the extended form that it inspired In discussing pioneer DJ Grandmaster Flash, Brewster states that he “set punk bands to exclude improvisation and to resort to tight song structures. himself the goal of playing breakbeats with precision—[and to] deliver it to the dance floor with a constant, unbroken beat. At first, he had no idea In reference to the 1980s Kronengold (2008) discusses the introduction of whether it was possible, just that it would be amazing—and that if he could four-on-the-floor (a disco beat with a bass drum on every beat) into the new get it right, he would make history” (2000, 214). wave genre and cites Blondie’s Atomic and The Clash’s Lost in the Supermarket as demonstrating borrowing or exchange from dance music. He Rock music and EDM also asserts that this exchange enabled AOR (Album Orientated Rock) to borrow from disco as well. Queen’s Another One Bites the Dust and I Was The dance genre of northern soul consumes old rare grooves (fast paced 60s Made for Loving You by Kiss are two examples cited. Talking of the American soul music) that the DJ manipulates to create a dance set. These Manchester Sound Brewster states “ after acid house, this sound was seen as records were not composed to be DJ friendly but can be made to blend a brief resurgence of band-driven music, but it was actually a clever through the skill of the DJ. Rock music, like northern soul, is not made to be reconstruction of rock to make it palatable to a market that had learned how DJ friendly and even though DJs are able to mix rock music the inclusion of to dance”, and then continues, “ rock bowed to the dance revolution” (2000, mix-breaks would extend the possibilities for the DJ as well as save a lot of 137). This exchange is of interest because although borrowing from dance time in preparation and pre-performance editing. “DJs playing rock music music, these examples succeed in retaining the rock aesthetic in the usually make a pretty good mess of the transitions between tracks; the genre performance. is not easily mixed together because it lacks that extended form and is difficult to beat-mix” (A. Smith, personal communication, August 10, 2011). Many dance producers have incorporated rock feels and elements creating The “general goal of mixing is to move as smoothly as possible from one cross-genre dance tracks—the Junky XL remix of A Little Less Conversation record to another” (Butler 2006, 242) and beat-mixing is one way the DJs by Elvis Presley (2002) is one commercially popular example. Producers can mix seamlessly in any form of music. have successfully incorporated rock music into the electronic dance track, what is not evident in the field is evidence that the beat-mixing function of With regard to rock music’s static form, what is in question here is not the EDM has been used to enhance originality in rock music. Two questions effectiveness of the musical presentation, but the predominance of specific guided the research: How can rock music implement EDM’s structural prescribed ways to present a song, and the value of creative adaptation of fluidity to create an album in the form of a DJ set? And how do rock representation. In talking of rock format or musical structure, Theodore musicians read the ClubRock set as a rock album? Gracyk in his book ‘Rhythm and Noise’ notes that “we simply tire of our minor variations of the same old thing” (1996, 206). Gracyk and others (e.g. Method Golman cited in Brewster 2000, Durant 1985, Blume 1999 et al.) support the premise that most rock music still remains fixed into a format designed for The specific method of data collection to produce the creative synthesis or optimum radio playability. the beat-mixed rock album will now be explained. An alternate album structure was explored by applying the EDM trance format to rock Rock music does not require beat-mixing in order to be presented in a long compositions and documenting and refining the processes. Data took the form, especially in the live music context. In a chapter entitled ‘The death of form of transcripts of over fifty interviews, transcribed lecture presentations Ejournalist.com.au 104 Ejournalist.com.au 105 Beat-mixing Adrian Carroll Beat-mixing Adrian Carroll on the topic, compositions, constructed ClubRock sets and field notes. I drew without being constrained by disparate tempi. It also allows a different set on my personal experience, documented in a journal, and this became a rich configuration/order each time the DJ performs the set” (personal source of self-reflection.