Politecnico di Milano Faculty of Architecture and Society Department of Architecture and Planning PhD Program in Spatial Planning and Urban Development 24th Cycle 2012 Awqaf and Heritage Urban Conservation in Historic Muslim Cities The Case of Waqf Institution in Historic Cairo Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Haysam Mohamed Hazem Mohamed Maamoun Hassan NOUR Matriculation Number 739012 Thesis Supervisor Prof. Corinna Morandi ` Program Coordinator Prof. Costanzo Ranci Ortigosa Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................... II LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................... IX DEDICATION .................................................................... XIV ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...................................................... XV ABSTRACT ....................................................................... XVII INRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1 CHAPTER I HERITAGE CONSERVATION: FROM AN OLD PRACTICE TO A NEW DISCIPLINE.................................10 1.1 General Issue ........................................................................................ 10 1.1.1 Definitions ..................................................................................... 10 1.1.2 Why to Conserve? .......................................................................... 11 1.1.3 Why Do Historic Cities Deteriorate? .............................................. 12 1.2 Establishment and Evolution of the New Discipline .............................. 14 th 1.2.1 Early Movements in 19 Century ................................................... 16 1.2.1.1 Stylistic Restoration Movement and Violet-Le- Duc ............ 16 1.2.1.2 Modern Conservation Movement and John Ruskin .............. 17 th 1.2.2 Changes through the 20 Century ................................................... 18 II Table of Content 1.3 Evolution of International Agenda ........................................................ 21 1.3.1 SPAB Manifesto 1877 .................................................................... 21 1.3.2 Athens Charter 1931 ....................................................................... 22 1.3.3 Venice Charter 1964 ....................................................................... 22 1.3.4 World Heritage Convention 1972 ................................................... 23 1.3.5 Nairobi Recommendations 1976 ..................................................... 23 1.3.6 Washington Charter 1987 ............................................................... 24 1.3.7 Burra Charter 1999 ......................................................................... 24 1.3.8 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 2003 ........................................................................................................ 25 1.4 Crisis of Historic Muslim Cities ............................................................ 26 1.5 Reflections ............................................................................................ 29 1.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 32 CHAPTER II WAQF AND URBAN CONSERVATION IN MUSLIM CITIES ................................................................................... 33 2.1 Muslim Cities ....................................................................................... 33 2.1.1 Types ............................................................................................. 34 2.1.2 Guiding Principles .......................................................................... 35 2.1.3 Main Players .................................................................................. 36 2.1.4 Reflection on Architectural and Urban Level .................................. 38 2.1.4.1 Architectural Level .............................................................. 38 2.1.4.2 Urban Level ......................................................................... 39 2.2 Waqf Institution and Muslim Cities ...................................................... 41 2.2.1 Origins of Waqf.............................................................................. 42 2.2.2 Waqf in Muslim History ................................................................. 43 2.2.3 Categories of Waqf ......................................................................... 44 2.2.4 Establishing a Waqf........................................................................ 45 III Table of Content 2.2.5 Autonomy of Waqf Institution ........................................................ 47 2.2.6 Management of Waqf Institution .................................................... 49 2.2.7 Waqf Institution and Urban Development ...................................... 51 2.3 Waqf Principles for Urban Conservation ............................................... 53 2.3.1 Comprehensiveness ........................................................................ 53 2.3.2 Quality of the Common .................................................................. 55 2.3.3 Functional Value ............................................................................ 56 2.3.4 Autonomy ...................................................................................... 57 2.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 58 CHAPTER III PRE-NAPOLEON CAIRO (969-1798) ................................ 60 3.1 Overview of the History of the City ...................................................... 60 3.2 Muslim Rule in Egypt ........................................................................... 62 3.2.1 First Muslim Settlements ................................................................ 62 3.2.2 Foundation of Cairo........................................................................ 63 3.3 Awqaf in Egypt ..................................................................................... 65 3.4 Waqf Institution and Urban Heritage Conservation in Cairo ................. 67 3.4.1 Al-Azhar ........................................................................................ 68 3.4.2 Waqf of Sultan Al-Mansour Qalawun ............................................ 69 3.4.3 Waqf of Sultan Al-Nasser Hassan .................................................. 71 3.4.4 Waqf of Sultan Al-Zahir Barquq .................................................... 73 3.4.5 Waqf of Sultan A-Ashraf Qansuh Al-Ghuri .................................... 74 3.4.6 The Waqf of Yusuf Agha Dar Al-Saada ......................................... 76 3.4.7 The Waqf of Abdul-Rahman Katkhuda .......................................... 76 3.4.8 Waqf of Muhammad Bey Abul-Dhahab ......................................... 78 3.5 Reflections ............................................................................................ 80 3.5.1 Diversity......................................................................................... 81 3.5.2 Adaptability to Changes ................................................................. 81 IV Table of Content 3.5.3 Economic Dimension and Quality of Services ................................ 82 3.5.4 Micro-Management ........................................................................ 82 3.5.5 Accumulation ................................................................................. 83 3.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 84 CHAPTER IV ERA OF WESTERNIZATION (1798-1952) ....................... 85 th th 4.1 Overview of the 19 and Early 20 Century .......................................... 85 4.2 Phase One (1798-1854) ......................................................................... 86 4.2.1 The French Expedition (1798-1801) ............................................... 86 4.2.2 Muhammad Ali Pasha and the Modernization of Egypt .................. 87 4.2.3 Waqf through Phase One (1798-1854) ............................................ 89 4.2.4 Example: The Mosque of Muhammad Ali ...................................... 90 4.3 Phase Two (1854-1952) ........................................................................ 91 4.3.1 Cairo of Ismail Pasha: ―Paris de l‘Orient‖ ...................................... 92 4.3.2 Waqf through Phase Two (1854-1952) ........................................... 93 4.4 The Comité de Conservation des Monuments de l‘Art Arabe ................ 94 4.4.1 Establishment, Organization and Evolution .................................... 95 4.4.2 Framework of the Comité’s Activities ............................................ 97 4.4.2.1 Mainstream Philosophy: Order and Symmetry ..................... 97 4.4.2.2 Individual Contributions ...................................................... 99 4.4.2.3 Legal Framework: Law 8/ 1918 for the Protection of Arab Monuments........................................................................................ 100 4.4.3 Waqf and the Comité .................................................................... 101 4.4.4 The Works of the Comité: The Mosque of Al-Salih Tala‘i ........... 102 4.4.4.1 Waqf and the Mosque of Al-Salih Tala'i' ............................ 103 4.4.4.2 Intervention of the Comité .................................................. 104 4.4.5 Local Criticism for the Works of the Comité ...............................