Missing Pathways to 1.5°C the Role of the Land Sector in Ambitious Climate Action

Missing Pathways to 1.5°C the Role of the Land Sector in Ambitious Climate Action

Missing Pathways to 1.5°C The role of the land sector in ambitious climate action Climate ambition that safeguards land rights, biodiversity and food sovereignty CLARA Climate Land Ambition and Rights Alliance Missing Pathways to 1.5°C The role of the land sector in ambitious climate action Lead authors: Kate Dooley, Doreen Stabinsky. Contributing authors: Kelly Stone, Shefali Sharma, Teresa Anderson, Doug Gurian-Sherman, Peter Riggs. Editor: Mark Olden Design: Andy Omel Graphics: Ethan Cornell Cover photo: Rhett A. Butler / Mongabay Acknowledgements: Hanna Aho, Mary Booth, Dominick DellaSala, Alain Frechette, Lili Fuhr, Chloe Ginsburg, Jason Hill, Claire Hoolohan, Stephanie Keene, Cyril Kormos, Sara Lickel, Stephen Leonard, Brendan Mackey, Christopher Martius, Bernard Mercer, Hannah Mowat, Anne-Laure Sable, Linda Schneider, Christoph Thiess, Karin Ulmer, Virginia Young, Linde Zuidema. Citation: Dooley, K et al. (2018) Missing Pathways to 1.5°C: The role of the land sector in ambitious climate action. Climate Land Ambition and Rights Alliance. Available from: climatelandambitionrightsalliance.org/report Contact CLARA Media: Don Lehr (CLARA) / [email protected] / +1 917 304 4058 Mark Olden (Fern) / [email protected] / +44 7973884718 Sophia Har (ActionAid) / [email protected] / +1 651 815 1818 Network Coordination: Peter Riggs (Pivot Point) / [email protected] / +1 360 426 0959 Twitter: @CLARA_Alliance Table of Contents Acronyms � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � v List of Figures � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �vi List of Boxes � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �vi Introduction � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �1 Climate, rights and biodiversity—intersecting crises � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �1 1�5°C pathways and the trouble with ‘negative emissions’ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 The missing pathway—ecosystem based approaches � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 3 Part 1. Indigenous and Community Land Rights � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 5 1.1 Global land tenure baseline � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 5 1.2 Carbon and biodiversity in collectively held lands � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 6 1.3 Community managed lands and protected areas � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 7 Part 2: Ecosystem-based restoration � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 9 2.1 Avoiding emissions from conversion and degradation of natural ecosystems � � � � � � � � � �11 Protecting natural forests � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �11 Peatland protection and restoration � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 12 Avoiding conversion of grasslands � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 13 Potential for avoided emissions � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 13 2.2 Forest ecosystem restoration � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 14 Importance of intact ecosystems to biodiversity, livelihoods and climate � � � � � � � � � � � � � 15 Potential for restoration to intact ecosystems � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 15 2.3 Natural forest expansion � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 16 Natural regeneration and reforestation � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 16 Potential for natural forest expansion � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 17 2.4 Responsible use of forests � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 17 Mitigation potential through responsible use of forests � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 20 Plantations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 20 Part 3: Agriculture � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 21 3.1 Agroecological approaches � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 22 Principles and practices of agroecology � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 22 Potential for sequestration in agroforestry systems � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 24 Nitrogen in agricultural systems � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 26 3.2 Livestock and climate change � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 28 Current livestock production trends � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 28 The problems with confinement-based systems � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 29 Limitations of an emissions intensity approach for a 1�5˚C pathway � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 30 Agroecological approaches with well-managed pasture and grazing systems � � � � � � � � � 31 Livestock system transformation with an ecological leftovers approach � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 31 3.3 Food systems � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 32 Reducing meat consumption based on healthy diets � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 32 Reducing over-consumption � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 33 Addressing food loss and waste � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 34 Reducing energy use from transport and heating in food systems � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 34 Food processing and refrigeration � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 35 Conclusions � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 36 Toward a holistic vision of climate action � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 36 Policy recommendations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 37 Glossary � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 38 Bibliography � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 40 Acronyms AMP: Adaptive multi-paddock grazing BECCS: Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage CAFO: Concentrated animal feeding operations CFS: Committee on Food Security FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GHG: greenhouse gasses IPBES: Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change REDD+: Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation RFS: Renewable Fuel Standard SDGs: Sustainable Development Goals UNCCD: United Nation Convention to Combat Desertification UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change List of Figures Figure 1: The missing pathway: 1�5°C compatible actions � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �4 respecting land rights; ecosystem integrity and food security� Figure 2: Indigenous and community lands across ����������������������������������������������6 64 countries store >293 gigatonnes of carbon� Figure

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