Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2014 Convergent evolution of life habit and shell shape in scallops (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) with a description of a new genus Alvin Alejandrino Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons, and the Evolution Commons Recommended Citation Alejandrino, Alvin, "Convergent evolution of life habit and shell shape in scallops (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) with a description of a new genus" (2014). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 14056. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/14056 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Convergent evolution of life habit and shell shape in scallops (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) with a description of a new genus by Alvin Alejandrino A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology i Program of Study Committee: Jeanne M. Serb, Major Professor Dean C. Adams Dennis Lavrov Nicole Valenzuela Kevin J. Roe Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2014 Copyright © Alvin Alejandrino, 2014. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION To my brother, Edward Andrew Haffner (May 19, 1986 – December 26, 2011). You showed me that family and happiness are the most important things in life. I miss and love you. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 Overview .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Scallop Life Habits ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Shell Shape Diversity ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Purpose and Significance ............................................................................................................................... 6 Dissertation Organization ............................................................................................................................. 6 Literature Cited ................................................................................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. CONVERGENT AND PARALLEL EVOLUTION IN LIFE HABIT OF THE SCALLOPS (BIVALVIA: PECTINIDAE) ............................................................................................ 12 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................. 13 Background ................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Results ............................................................................................................................................................................. 13 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 14 Methods ............................................................................................................................................................. 16 Phylogenetic analysis ................................................................................................................................................ 16 Life habit classes .......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Analysis of the life habit evolution ...................................................................................................................... 19 Results ............................................................................................................................................................... 20 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................................... 22 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................... 25 Authors’ Contributions ................................................................................................................................ 26 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 26 Literature Cited .............................................................................................................................................. 27 CHAPTER 3. DIVERGENT CONVERGENCE: MULTIPLE SHELL SHAPE OPTIMA FOR GLIDING SCALLOPS (BIVALVIA: PECTINIDAE) .......................................................................... 55 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................. 56 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 57 Methods ............................................................................................................................................................. 59 Specimen selection and morphological characterization .......................................................................... 59 Statistical Analyses ..................................................................................................................................................... 60 Results ............................................................................................................................................................... 62 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................................... 63 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 66 Literature Cited .............................................................................................................................................. 66 CHAPTER 4. SHELL SHAPE CONVERGENCE MASKS BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN GLIDING SCALLOPS: DESCRIPTION OF YLISTRUM N. GEN. (PECTINIDAE) FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC OCEAN ......................................................................................................................... 92 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................. 93 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 94 iv Materials ........................................................................................................................................................... 96 Institutional abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... 96 Phylogenetic analysis ................................................................................................................................................ 96 Statistical evaluation of shell ribbing variation .............................................................................................. 98 Geometric morphometrics ...................................................................................................................................... 99 Results ............................................................................................................................................................. 101 Molecular analyses .................................................................................................................................................. 101 Statistical