The S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies Angelos Giannakopoulos, editor Solidarity in the European Union: Challenges and Perspectives Research Paper 9 Angelos Giannakopoulos, editor The S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies Established in 2004 by Tel Aviv University, the S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies promotes collaborative, interdisciplinary scholarship and teaching on issues of global importance. Combining the activities and strengths of Tel Aviv University's professors and researchers in various disciplines, the Abraham Center aims to integrate international and regional studies at the University into informed and coherent perspectives on global affairs. Its special focus is inter-ethnic and inter-religious conflicts around the world, with particular emphasis on possible lessons for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In the larger academic arena, the Abraham Center encourages excellence in research on international and regional issues, creating links with leading universities around the world in order to promote international exchanges in these vital areas among faculty and students. Through innovative research projects, conferences, colloquia and lectures by visiting scholars on issues of global, regional, and cross-regional importance, the Center promotes exchanges across a variety of disciplines among scholars who focus on international relations and comparative and regional studies. In its various activities, the Center seeks to provide students and faculty members with 2 the opportunity to develop a better understanding of the complex cultural and historical perspectives on both the national and regional levels across the globe. These activities are enhanced by conferences, lectures, andworkshops, sponsored by the Center alone or in collaboration with other Institutes and Centers within and without Tel Aviv University. The S. Daniel Abraham Center seeks to encourage closer collaboration between the various Institutes and Centers operating at Tel Aviv University. Therefore, its academic committee is comprised of the Heads of a dozen research centers and institutes, mainly from the University’s Faculties of Humanities and Social Sciences. The Morris E. Curiel Institute for European Studies, Confucius Institute, and the Cummings Center for Russian and East European Studies operate within the framework of the Abraham Center. The Center also sponsors an African Studies program. The Center’s founding director is Prof. Raanan Rein. Rein is the Vice President of Tel Aviv University. He is the Elias Sourasky Professor of Spanish and Latin American History, author of numerous books and articles published in various languages and in many countries. He is also a member of Argentina’s Academia Nacional de la Historia. The Argentine government awarded him the title of Commander in the Order of the Liberator San Martin for his contribution to Argentine culture. The king of Spain awarded him the title of Commander in the Order of Merit. Please visit our Website at: www.tau.ac.il/humanities/abraham [email protected] 3 The S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies Angelos Giannakopoulos, editor Solidarity in the European Union: Challenges and Perspectives Research Paper No. 9 July 2017 5 The S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies, Tel Aviv University Production: Talma Kinarti Graphic Design and Printing: Studio Tal Cover Photo: www.signelements.com: Closed European market as a concept and metaphor for Europe trade and immigration policy. The S. Daniel Abraham Center P.O.B. 39040 Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv 69978 Tel: +972-3-6406667 Fax: +792-3-6406660 E-mail: [email protected] www.tau.ac.il/humanities/abraham July 2017 © All rights reserved to author ISBN: 978-956-7440-07-0 6 Acknowledgements This volume arose from a conference organized on November 17th, 2016 by the editor at Tel Aviv University’s S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies. Despite its specific institutional background, this book actually stems from years of teaching on, discussing about and debating on Europe and its future in classes, conferences and workshops. I wish to acknowledge the decisive financial support of the Government of the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia in realising both the conference and this publication. In this respect, I am grateful to Mr. Ulrich Wiedei, Unit International Business of the Ministry of Innovation, Science and Research of the German Federal State of North Rhine- Westphalia. Special thanks are also due to my colleague Prof. Dr. Hartwig Hummel from the Heinrich-Heine University in Düsseldorf, North Rhine- Westphalia, for all his efforts regarding the realisation of the conference and his colleagueship within the European Studies Program in the frame of which the aforementioned conference took place. I also would like to acknowledge my debt to all scholars and experts who participated in the conference and contributed to this volume as well as to a number of colleagues for the fruitful cooperation both during the organisation of the conference and while preparing this book for publication. I want to mention in particular Prof. Dr. Raanan Rein, Director of the S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies and Vice President of Tel Aviv University for his friendly and everlasting cooperation, Mrs. Talma Kinarti for the administrative support and her friendly way to deal with all conference and publication issues as well as Mr. Omri Elmaleh, Research Assistant at the S. Daniel Abraham Center for the organisational support. Finally, for the editorial support I would like to thank very much Mrs. Beryl Belsky. 7 Angelos Giannakopoulos, editor Dr. Angelos Giannakopoulos is currently a Heinrich Heine Visiting Professor and DAAD Lecturer in European Studies at Tel Aviv University. In 2006-2012 he headed two major EU-funded projects on corruption and citizenship in Europe at the University of Konstanz, Germany. He was a visiting professor at the Universities of Cyprus, Galatasaray and Bahcesehir in Istanbul, as well as at the University of Budapest, and a visiting scholar at Yale University and at Waseda University. He was also research fellow at several research institutions, including the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington D.C. Dr. Giannakopoulos completed his post-doctorate (habilitation) at the University of Dortmund, his Ph.D. in sociology at the University of Tübingen, and his Master’s degree in political science at the University of Athens. His fields of research and teaching include different aspects of European integration, sociology of knowledge, sociology of culture, political sociology, modernization of Southeast Europe, cultural aspects of corruption and empirical methods of social research. He is the author and co-author of many books and articles on these subjects. 8 Table of Contents I. Angelos Giannakopoulos: Introduction 11 Solidarity: Sociological, Legal and Ethical Aspects of a Fundamental EU-Principle II. Alfred Tovias 20 Solidarity in the Eurozone: Spontaneous, Organized or Inexistent? III. Deniz Şenol Sert and Fulya Felicity Türkmen 31 The EU-Turkey Refugee Deal: The “Baleful” Balance between Protection of Refugee and Human Rights and Controlled Refugee Flows IV. Karen Umansky and Alberto Spektorowski 40 From Notorious Anti-Europeans to Radical-Right Populists: Disillusionment with Democracy and What This Could Mean for European Solidarity V. Kyriakos Filinis 61 Labour Market Performance in the Euro Area and the Scope of a European Unemployment Benefit Scheme VI. Hartwig Hummel 78 The Meaning of Solidarity in Europe’s Common Security and Defense Policy VII. Vassilis Kappis 95 Breaking Away from the Union? The Case of Greek-Israeli Relations since 2010 VIII. Denis MacShane 108 The Brexit-Trump Impact on European Politics IX. Christal Morehouse and Yann-Sven Rittelmeyer 124 The “New Pact for Europe”-Project: Debating the European Crises X. Authors 134 9 10 Solidarity: Sociological, Legal and Ethical Aspects of a Fundamental EU-Principle I. Angelos Giannakopoulos: Introduction Solidarity: Sociological, Legal and Ethical Aspects of a Fundamental EU-Principle In his address to the European Parliament in September 2015, the president of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, stated: “If I could describe Europe with just one word, it would be perseverance.”1 He admitted, however, that “European integration is a multifaceted and often complicated affair” and that Europeans “do not always get it right the first time.”2 On the other hand, he openly criticized the lack of solidarity in the EU during the refugee crisis but expressed his confidence that Europeans would finally “show their resilience.”3 Despite the president’s rather optimistic words, some participants in the public and academic debate on the EU’s multiple crises have underlined that the lack of solidarity is the real reason for the depressing state of affairs in Europe. During the last act of the Greek debt drama in January-July 2015, for example, leading economists publicly criticized Germany for its lack of solidarity in working toward a final solution of the problem.4 By the end of 2015 and early 2016, the issue of solidarity was dominating the public debate in Europe vis-à-vis the refugee influx into Europe. In both cases the emotional gap between “bad” and “good” Europeans seriously poisoned the discourse. In the meantime, two fundamental